Velitherm

A library of basic thermodynamics equations for soaring flight.

As used by the weather site https://www.velivole.fr / https://www.meteo.guru

Zero-dependency!

If you are new to weather thermodynamics, you should probably start here: Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics for Soaring Flight

Si vous n'êtes pas à l'aise en thermodynamique appliquée à la météorologie, vous devriez peut-être commencer ici: Bases de la thermodynamique pour le vol libre et le vol à voile

Installation

npm install --save velitherm

Usage

Keep in mind that some equations are numerical approximations of differential equations that have no analytic solutions. The approximations used are the typical weather science approximations which produce good results for temperatures in the range of -40°C to +40°C and air pressures in the range of 1050hPa to 200hPa - which are the typical values in the troposphere - but often lack precision outside this range.

You can check velitherm-visu for a real-world example of using this library. It is hosted at aircalc.velivole.fr.

Common JS

const velitherm = require('velitherm');

// must be very close to 1000
const alt = velitherm.altitudeFromPressure(898.746);

ECMAScript 6

import * as velitherm from 'velitherm';

// must be very close to 1000
const alt = velitherm.altitudeFromPressure(898.746);

TypeScript

import * as velitherm from 'velitherm';

// must be very close to 1000
const alt = velitherm.altitudeFromPressure(898.746);

C/C++

#include "node_modules/velitherm/include/velitherm.h"

// must be very close to 1000
double alt = velitherm::altitudeFromPressure(898.746);

Barometric and hypsometric equations

There is no single analytical equation that can be used to give a precise value for the altitude / pressure relationship. In fact, this relationship depends on the full vertical temperature and humidity profile and it is impossible to reduce to a single formula. There are two levels of approximation that are widely used:

• The barometric formula, which is an ICAO standard and gives a rough value that does not take into account the pressure or the temperature of the day and it is always constant - in aviation it is referred by the callsign QNH
• The hypsometric formula, which is commonly used in weather science and it is a better estimation that takes into account the pressure and the temperature of the day - so it varies from one day to another - in aviation it is referred by the callsign QFF

If you are coming from an aviation background, and QNH, QFF and QFE are altimeter settings to you, then you should know that they actually refer to different equations for calculating the altitude from the pressure. QFE refers to the surface pressure of a given site - airport or weather station - and not an equation. If you want to use velitherm to convert between altimeter settings, the right way to do it would be to convert the pressure to altitude using the input setting and then convert it back to pressure using the output setting.

Example

An air parcel with relative humidify of 75% and temperature of 25°C rises from 0m AMSL to 500m AMSL where the surrounding temperature is 20°C. What is its new relative humidity? What is its new temperature? Has there been condensation and did it form a cloud? Has the ceiling being reached or will the air parcel continue to rise? The pressure of the day is 1017hPa.

Solution:

import * as velitherm from 'velitherm';

// When the air rises, its specific humidity remains constant
const q = velitherm.specificHumidity(75, 1017, 25);
console.log('Specific humidity = ', Math.round(q), 'g/kg');

// Find the current pressure at 500m AMSL
const P1 = velitherm.pressureFromAltitude(500, 1017, 25);
console.log('Pressure at 500m = ', Math.round(P1), 'hPa');

// Take into account the adiabatic cooling
const T1 = 25 - 500 * velitherm.gamma;
console.log('The new temperature of the air parcel at 500m = ', (T1-25)/2, '°C');

// Compute the new relative humidity of the air parcel at this pressure and temperature
const w1 = velitherm.relativeHumidity(q, P1, T1);
console.log('Relative humidity after rising to 500m = ', Math.round(w1), '%');

// If the air parcel has reached 100% humidity, there is condensation
if (w1 < 100) {
  console.log('No, it did not form a cloud');
} else {
  console.log('Yes, it did form a cloud');
}

if (T1 < 20) {
  console.log('The ceiling has been reached');
} else {
  console.log('The air parcel will continue to rise');
}

API

Table of Contents

• velitherm
• G
• Cp
• L
• gamma
• P0
• T0
• Rd
• Rv
• Md
• Mv
• R
• K
• altitudeFromStandardPressure
  • Parameters
• pressureFromStandardAltitude
  • Parameters
• altitudeFromPressure
  • Parameters
• pressureFromAltitude
  • Parameters
• waterVaporSaturationPressure
  • Parameters
• relativeHumidity
  • Parameters
• dewPoint
  • Parameters
• relativeHumidityFromDewPoint
  • Parameters
• mixingRatio
  • Parameters
• specificHumidityFromMixingRatio
  • Parameters
• specificHumidity
  • Parameters
• airDensity
  • Parameters
• LCL
  • Parameters
• gammaMoist
  • Parameters
• adiabaticExpansion
  • Parameters
• adiabaticCooling
  • Parameters
  • Examples

velitherm

velivole.fr/meteo.guru Basic Thermodynamics Equations for Soaring Flight

Copyright © 2022 Momtchil Momtchev [email protected]

Licensed under the LGPL License, Version 3.0 (the "License") You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.en.html

All methods use:

Pressure in hPa

Temperature in °C

Height in meters

Relative humidity in % from 0 to 100

Specific humidity in g/kg

Mixing ratio in g/kg

Type: string

G

Earth's average gravity acceleration (m/s2)

Type: number

Cp

The thermal capacity of air (J/kg)

Type: number

L

The enthalpy of vaporization of water (J/kg)

Type: number

gamma

The adiabatic lapse rate of dry air (°C/m)

Type: number

P0

The average sea level pressure (hPa)

Type: number

T0

The temperature of the ICAO standard atmosphere (°C)

Type: number

Rd

The specific gas constant of dry air J/(kg*K)

Type: number

Rv

The specific gas constant of water vapor J/(kg*K)

Type: number

Md

Molar mass of dry air kg/mol

Type: number

Mv

Molar mass of water vapor kg/mol

Type: number

R

Universal gas constant J/(kg*mol)

Type: number

K

Absolute zero in °C

Type: number

altitudeFromStandardPressure

Altitude from pressure using the barometric formula and ICAO's definition of standard atmosphere.

This is a very rough approximation that is an ICAO standard. It is used when calculating QNH. It does not take into account the pressure and temperature of the day.

Parameters

• pressure number Pressure
• pressure0 number? Optional sea-level pressure of the day (optional, default P0)

Returns number

pressureFromStandardAltitude

Pressure from altitude using the barometric formula and ICAO's definition of standard atmosphere.

This is a very rough approximation that is an ICAO standard. It is used when calculating QNH. It does not take into account the pressure and temperature of the day.

Parameters

• height number Height
• pressure0 number? Optional sea-level pressure of the day (optional, default P0)

Returns number

altitudeFromPressure

Altitude from pressure using the hypsometric formula.

This is a better equation that takes into account the pressure and the temperature of the day. It is not a standard and different weather institutions use slightly different parameters. It is used when calculating the QFF.

Parameters

• pressure number Pressure
• pressure0 number? Optional sea-level pressure of the day (optional, default P0)
• temp number? Optional average temperature from the ground to the given level (optional, default T0)

Returns number

pressureFromAltitude

Pressure from altitude using the hypsometric formula.

This is a better equation that takes into account the pressure and the temperature of the day. It is not a standard and different weather institutions use slightly different parameters. It is used when calculating the QFF.

Parameters

• height number Height
• pressure0 number? Optional sea-level pressure of the day (optional, default P0)
• temp number? Optional average temperature from the ground to the given level (optional, default T0)

Returns number

waterVaporSaturationPressure

(Saturation) Water vapor pressure.

Clausius–Clapeyron equation - the most fundamental equation in weather science.

This is the Magnus-Tetens approximation.

Parameters

• temp number Temperature (optional, default T0)

Returns number

relativeHumidity

Relative humidity from specific humidity.

This is from the Magnus-Tetens approximation.

Parameters

• specificHumidity number Specific humidity
• pressure number? Optional pressure (optional, default P0)
• temp number? Optional temperature (optional, default T0)

Returns number

dewPoint

Dew point from relative humidity.

Approximation of the Magnus equation with the Sonntag 1990 coefficients.

Parameters

• relativeHumidity number Relative humidity
• temp number? Optional temperature (optional, default T0)

Returns number

relativeHumidityFromDewPoint

Relative humidity from dew point.

Approximation of the Magnus equation with the Sonntag 1990 coefficients.

Parameters

• dewPoint number Relative humidity
• temp number? Optional temperature (optional, default T0)

Returns number

mixingRatio

Mixing ratio from specific humidity.

Analytic equation from the definition.

Parameters

• specificHumidity number Specific humidity

Returns number

specificHumidityFromMixingRatio

Specific humidity from mixing ratio.

Analytic equation from the definition.

Parameters

• mixingRatio number Mixing ratio

Returns number

specificHumidity

Specific humidity from relative humidity.

Approximation of the Magnus equation with the Sonntag 1990 coefficients.

Parameters

• relativeHumidity number Relative humidity
• pressure number? Optional pressure (optional, default P0)
• temp number? Optional temperature (optional, default T0)

Returns number

airDensity

Air density.

Analytic equation from Avogadro's Law.

Parameters

• relativeHumidity number Relative humidity
• pressure number? Optional pressure (optional, default P0)
• temp number? Optional temperature (optional, default T0)

Returns number

LCL

Lifted Condensation Level.

This is the altitude at which a mechanically lifted air parcel from the ground will condensate.

It corresponds to the cloud base level when the clouds are formed by mechanical lifting.

This approximation is known as the Espy equation with the Stull coefficient.

Parameters

• temp number Temperature at 2m
• dewPoint number Dew point at 2m

Returns number

gammaMoist

Moist adiabatic lapse rate from pressure and temperature.

Copied from Roland Stull, Practical Meteorology (copylefted, available online).

Rather complex approximation based on the Magnus-Tetens equation and the barometric equation.

Parameters

• temp number Temperature
• pressure number? Optional pressure (optional, default P0)

Returns number

adiabaticExpansion

Adiabatic expansion rate from pressure change rate.

This equation allows to calculate the expansion ratio of an air parcel from the the previous pressure and the new pressure.

An adiabatic expansion is an isentropic process that is governed by the Ideal gas law in general and the constant entropy relationship in particular: (P / P0) = (V / V0) ^ gamma Where P=pressure, V=volume, gamma=heat capacity ratio (1.4 for air, a diatomic gas)

Analytic equation.

Parameters

• volume0 number Old volume
• pressure number New pressure
• pressure0 number Old pressure (optional, default P0)

Returns number

adiabaticCooling

Adiabatic cooling rate from pressure change rate.

This equation allows to calculate the cooling ratio of an air parcel from the the previous pressure and the new pressure.

It is by combining this equation with the barometric equation that the adiabatic lapse rate of dry air can be obtained.

An adiabatic expansion is an isentropic process that is governed by the Ideal gas law in general and the constant entropy relationship in particular: (P / P0) = (V / V0) ^ gamma Where P=pressure, V=volume, gamma=heat capacity ratio (1.4 for air, a diatomic gas)

Keep in mind that if you intend to use this method to calculate a rate relative to height in meters, you will need very precise altitude calculations for good results. As the dry adiabatic rate is a constant that does not depend on the temperature or the pressure, most of the time you will be better off simply using the gamma constant.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_law contains a very good introduction to this subject.

Analytic equation.

Parameters

• temp0 number Old temperature
• pressure number New pressure
• pressure0 number Old pressure (optional, default P0)

Examples

// Compute the adiabatic cooling per meter
// when rising from 0m AMSL to 100m AMSL starting at 15°C

const gamma = (15 - velitherm.adiabaticCooling(15,
                      velitherm.pressureFromStandardAltitude(100),
                      velitherm.pressureFromStandardAltitude(0))
               ) / 100;

// It should be very close to the provided constant
assert(Math.abs(gamma - velitherm.gamma) < 1e-5)

Returns number