tshy - TypeScript HYbridizer

Hybrid (CommonJS/ESM) TypeScript node package builder. Write modules that Just Work in ESM and CommonJS, in easy mode.

This tool manages the exports in your package.json file, and builds your TypeScript program using tsc 5.2+, emitting both ESM and CommonJS variants, providing the full strength of TypeScript’s checking for both output formats.

USAGE

Install tshy:

npm i -D tshy

Put this in your package.json to use it with the default configs:

{
  "files": ["dist"],
  "scripts": {
    "prepare": "tshy"
  }
}

Put your source code in ./src.

The built files will end up in ./dist/esm (ESM) and ./dist/commonjs (CommonJS).

Your exports will be edited to reflect the correct module entry points.

Dual Package Hazards

If you are exporting both CommonJS and ESM forms of a package, then it is possible for both versions to be loaded at run-time. However, the CommonJS build is a different module from the ESM build, and thus a different thing from the point of view of the JavaScript interpreter in Node.js.

Consider this contrived example:

// import the class from ESM
import { SomeClass } from 'module-built-by-tshy'
import { createRequire } from 'node:module'
const require = createRequire(import.meta.url)

// create an object using the commonjs version
function getObject() {
  const { SomeClass } = require('module-built-by-tshy')
  return new SomeClass()
}

const obj = getObject()
console.log(obj instanceof SomeClass) // false!!

In a real program, this might happen because one part of the code loads the package using require() and another loads it using import.

The Node.js documentation recommends exporting an ESM wrapper that re-exports the CommonJS code, or isolating state into a single module used by both CommonJS and ESM. While these strategies do work, they are not what tshy does.

What Does tshy Do Instead?

It builds your program twice, into two separate folders, and sets up exports. By default, the ESM and CommonJS forms live in separate universes, unaware of one another, and treats the "Dual Module Hazard" as a simple fact of life.

Which it is.

"Dual Module Hazard" is a fact of life anyway

Since the advent of npm, circa 2010, module in node have been potentially duplicated in the dependency graph. Node's nested node_modules resolution algorithm, added in Node 0.4, made this even easier to leverage, and more likely to occur.

So: as a package author, you cannot safely rely on there being exactly one copy of your library loaded at run-time.

This doesn't mean you shouldn't care about it. It means that you should take it into consideration always, whether you are using a hybrid build or not.

If you need to ensure that exactly one copy of something exists at run-time, whether using a hybrid build or not, you need to guard this with a check that is not dependent on the dependency graph, such as a global variable.

const ThereCanBeOnlyOne = Symbol.for('there can be only one')
const g = globalThis as typeof globalThis & {
  [ThereCanBeOnlyOne]?: Thing
}
import { Thing } from './thing.js'
g[ThereCanBeOnlyOne] ??= new Thing
export const thing = g[ThereCanBeOnlyOne]

If you find yourself doing this, it's a good idea to pause and consider if you would be better off with a type check function or something other than relying on instanceof. There are certainly cases where it's unavoidable, but it can be tricky to work with.

Module Local State

There are some cases where you need something to be the same value whether loaded with CommonJS or ESM, but not necessarily unique to the entire program.

For example, say that there is some package-local set of data, and it needs to be updated and accessible whether the user is accessing your package via import or require.

In this case, we can use a dialect polyfill that pulls in the state module from a single dialect.

In Node, it's easy for ESM to load CommonJS, but since ESM cannot be loaded synchronously by CommonJS, I recommend putting the state in the polyfill, and having the "normal" module access it from that location.

For example:

// src/index.ts
import { state } from './state.js'
export const setValue = (key: string, value: any) => {
  state[key] = value
}
export const getValue = (key: string) => state[key]

// src/state-cjs.cts
// this is the actual "thing"
export const state: Record<string, any> = {}

// src/state.ts
// this is what will end up in the esm build
// need a ts-ignore because this is a hack.
//@ts-ignore
import cjsState from '../commonjs/state.js'
export const { state } = cjsState as { state: Record<string, any> }

If you need a provide an ESM dialect that doesn't support CommonJS (eg, deno, browser, etc), then you can do this:

// src/state-deno.mts
// can't load the CJS version, so no dual package hazard
export const state: Record<string, any> = {}

See below for more on using dialect specific polyfills.

Handling Default Exports

export default is the bane of hybrid TypeScript modules.

When compiled as CommonJS, this results in creating an export named default, which is not the same as setting module.exports.

// esm, beautiful and clean
import foo from 'foo'
// commonjs, unnecessarily ugly and confusing
// even if you like it for some reason, it's not "the same"
const { default: foo } = require('foo')

You can tell TypeScript to do a true default export for CommonJS by using export = <whatever>. However:

• This is not compatible with an ESM build.
• You cannot export types along with it.

In general, when publishing TypeScript packages as both CommonJS and ESM, it is a good idea to avoid default exports for any public interfaces.

• No need to polyfill anything.
• Can export types alongside the values.

However, if you are publishing something that does need to provide a default export (for example, porting a project to hybrid and/or TypeScript, and want to keep the interface consistent), you can do it with a CommonJS polyfill.

// index.ts
// the thing that gets exported for ESM
import { thing } from './main.ts'
import type { SomeType } from './main.ts'

export default thing
export type { SomeType }

// index-cjs.cts
// the polyfill for CommonJS
import * as items from './main.ts'
declare global {
  namespace mything {
    export type SomeType = items.SomeType
  }
}
export = items.thing

Then, CommonJS users will get the appropriate thing when they import 'mything', and can access the type via the global namespace like mything.SomeType.

But in almost all cases, it's much simpler to just use named exports exclusively.

Configuration

Mostly, this just uses opinionated convention, and so there is very little to configure.

Source must be in ./src. Builds are in ./dist/commonjs for CommonJS and ./dist/esm for ESM.

There is very little configuration for this, but a lot of things can be configured.

exports

By default, if there is a src/index.ts file, then that will be set as the "." export, and the package.json file will be exported as "./package.json", because that's just convenient to expose.

You can set other entry points by putting something like this in your package.json file:

{
  "tshy": {
    "exports": {
      "./foo": "./src/foo.ts",
      "./bar": "./src/bar.ts",
      ".": "./src/something-other-than-index.ts",
      "./package.json": "./package.json"
    }
  }
}

Any exports pointing to files in ./src will be updated to their appropriate build target locations, like:

{
  "exports": {
    "./foo": {
      "import": {
        "source": "./src/foo.ts",
        "types": "./dist/esm/foo.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/esm/foo.js"
      },
      "require": {
        "source": "./src/foo.ts",
        "types": "./dist/commonjs/foo.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/commonjs/foo.js"
      }
    }
  }
}

Any exports that are not within ./src will not be built, and can be anything supported by package.json exports, as they will just be passed through as-is.

{
  "tshy": {
    "exports": {
      ".": "./src/my-built-module.ts",
      "./package.json": "./package.json"
      "./thing": {
        "import": "./lib/thing.mjs",
        "require": "./lib/thing.cjs",
        "types": "./lib/thing.d.ts"
      },
      "./arraystyle": [
        { "import": "./no-op.js" },
        { "browser": "./browser-thing.js" },
        { "require": [{ "types": "./using-require.d.ts" }, "./using-require.js"]},
        { "types": "./blah.d.ts" },
        "./etc.js"
      ]
    }
  }
}

Glob Exports

You can also specify one or more glob patterns to define your exported modules. This is handy if you want to export several things as subpath exports to avoid "bucket modules".

Anything named src/index.* that is matched in this way will be used as the main "." export. Anything else will have the ./src stripped from the front, and the file extension removed from the end. ./package.json will always be exported, and any pattern matches outside of the ./src folder will be ignored.

{
  "tshy": {
    "exports": "./src/**"
  }
}

If you use this config, and you have files at ./src/index.ts and ./src/component/foo.tsx, then the resulting exports will be:

{
  "exports": {
    ".": {
      "require": {
        "source": "./src/index.ts",
        "types": "./dist/commonjs/index.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/commonjs/index.js"
      },
      "import": {
        "source": "./src/index.ts",
        "types": "./dist/esm/index.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/esm/index.js"
      }
    },
    "./component/foo": {
      "require": {
        "source": "./src/component/foo.ts",
        "types": "./dist/commonjs/component/foo.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/commonjs/component/foo.js"
      },
      "import": {
        "source": "./src/component/foo.ts",
        "types": "./dist/esm/component/foo.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/esm/component/foo.js"
      }
    },
    "./package.json": "./package.json"
  }
}

You may also specify an array of glob exports, like so:

{
  "tshy": {
    "exports": ["./src/*.ts", "./src/utils/*.ts"]
  }
}

This would export a file at ./src/foo.ts as ./foo, and a file at ./src/utils/bar.ts as ./utils/bar, but would ignore a file at ./internal/private.ts.

Live Dev

Set "liveDev": true in the tshy config in package.json to build in link mode. In this mode, the files are hard-linked into place in the dist folder, so that edits are immediately visible.

This is particularly beneficial in monorepo projects, where workspaces may be edited in parallel, and so it's handy to have changes reflected in real time without a rebuild.

Of course, tools that can't handle TypeScript will have a problem with this, so any generic node program will not be able to run your code. For this reason:

• liveDev is always disabled when the npm_command environment variable is 'publish' or 'pack'. In these situations, your code is being built for public consumption, and must be compiled.
• Code in dist will not be able to be loaded in the node repl unless you run it with a loader, such as node --import=tsx.
• Because it links files into place, a rebuild is required when a file is added or removed.

Note: If a package uses Node.js Worker scripts or bins that are written in TS and need to be compiled, then liveDev will not work, and should not be used. Additionally, any dependencies of those modules also cannot use liveDev, unless a loader such as tsx is used when run.

See also: "Loading from Source", below.

Package #imports

You can use "imports" in your package.json, and it will be handled in the following ways.

Any "imports" that resolve to a file built as part of your program must be a non-conditional string value pointing to the file in ./src/. For example:

{
  "imports": {
    "#name": "./src/path/to/name.ts",
    "#utils/*": "./src/path/to/utils/*.ts"
  }
}

In the ESM build, import * from '#name' will resolve to ./dist/esm/path/to/name.js, and will be built for ESM. In the CommonJS build, require('#name') will resolve to ./dist/commonjs/path/to/name.js and will be built for CommonJS.

In the built dist/{dialect}/package.json files, the ./src will be stripped from the path and their file extension changed from ts to js (cts to cjs and mts to mjs).

It shouldn't be conditional, because the condition is already implicit in the build. In the CommonJS build, they should be required, and in the ESM builds, they should be imported, and there's only one thing that it can resolve to from any given build.

If there are any "imports" that resolve to something not built by tshy, then tshy will set scripts.preinstall to set up symbolic links at install time to make it work. This just means that you can't use scripts.preinstall for anything else if you have "imports" that aren't managed by tshy. For example:

{
  "imports": {
    "#dep": "@scope/dep/submodule",
    "#conditional": {
      "types": "./vendor/blah.d.ts",
      "require": "./vendor/blah.cjs",
      "import": "./vendor/blah.mjs"
    }
  }
}

The "imports" field in package.json allows you to set local package imports, which have the same kind of conditional import logic as "exports". This is especially useful when you have a vendored dependency with require and import variants, modules that have to be bundled in different ways for different environments, or different dependencies for different environments.

These package imports are always resolved against the nearest package.json file, and tshy uses generated package.json files to set the module dialect to "type":"module" in dist/esm and "type":"commonjs" in dist/commonjs, and it swaps the src/package.json file between this during the tsc builds.

Furthermore, local package imports may not be relative files outside the package folder. They may only be local files within the local package, or dependencies resolved in node_modules.

To support this, tshy copies the imports field from the project's package.json into these dialect-setting generated package.json files, and creates symlinks into the appropriate places so that they resolve to the same files on disk.

Because symlinks may not be included in npm packages (and even if they are included, they won't be unpacked at install time), the symlinks it places in ./dist wouldn't do much good. In order to work around this restriction, tshy creates a node program at dist/.tshy-link-imports.mjs, which generates the symlinks at install time via the preinstall script.

If a tshy.imports is present (a previous iteration of this behavior), it will be merged into the top-level "imports" and deleted from the tshy section.

Making Noise

On failure, all logs will be printed.

To print error logs and a success! message at the end, set TSHY_VERBOSE=1 in the environment.

To print debugging and other extra information, set TSHY_VERBOSE=2 in the environment.

Selecting Dialects

You can tell tshy which dialect you're building for by setting the dialects config to an array of strings:

{
  "tshy": {
    "dialects": ["esm", "commonjs"]
  }
}

The default is ["esm", "commonjs"] (ie, both of them). If you set it to just one, then only that dialect will be built and exported.

Suppressing the self-link

See below about Local Package exports for an explanation of what this is.

Suppress the symlink to the project folder into a node_modules folder in dist and src by doing this:

{
  "tshy": {
    "selfLink": false
  }
}

If the selfLink config is not explicitly set, and creating the symlink fails (common on Windows systems where fs.symlink() may require elevated permissions), then the error will be ignored.

Old Style Exports (top-level main, module, types)

Versions of node prior to 12.10.0, published in early to mid 2016, did not have support for exports as a means for defining package entry points. Unfortunately, even 7 years later at the time of this writing, some projects are still using outdated tools that are not capable of understanding this interface.

If there is a commonjs export of the "." subpath, and the tshy.main field in package.json is not set to false, then tshy will use that to set the main and types fields, for compatibility with these tools.

Similarly, some tools rely on a top-level module field, which is the ESM equivalent to "main". If there is an esm export of the "." subpath, and the tshy.module field in package.json is not set to false, then tshy will use that to set the module field, for compatibility with these tools.

Warning: relying on top-level main/types will likely cause incorrect types to be loaded in some scenarios.

Use with extreme caution. It's almost always better to not define top-level main and types fields if you are shipping a hybrid module. Users will need to update their module and moduleResolution tsconfigs appropriately. That is a good thing, and will save them future headaches.

If the commonjs dialect is not built, or if a "." export is not created, or if the "." export does not support the commonjs dialect, and main is explicitly set to true, then the build will fail.

If the esm dialect is not built, or if a "." export is not created, or if the "." export does not support the esm dialect, and module is explicitly set to true, then the build will fail.

For example, this config:

{
  "tshy": {
    "exports": {
      ".": "./src/index.ts"
    }
  }
}

will produce:

{
  "main": "./dist/commonjs/index.js",
  "module": "./dist/esm/index.js",
  "types": "./dist/commonjs/index.d.ts",
  "type": "module",
  "exports": {
    ".": {
      "require": {
        "source": "./src/index.js",
        "types": "./dist/commonjs/index.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/commonjs/index.js"
      },
      "import": {
        "source": "./src/index.ts",
        "types": "./dist/esm/index.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/esm/index.js"
      }
    }
  }
}

CommonJS Dialect Polyfills

Sometimes you have to do something in different ways depending on the JS dialect in use. For example, maybe you have to use import.meta.url in ESM, but polyfill with pathToFileURL(__filename) in CommonJS.

To do this, create a polyfill file with the CommonJS code in <name>-cjs.cts. (The cts extension matters.)

// src/source-dir-cjs.cts
//     ^^^^^^^^^^--------- matching name
//               ^^^^----- "-cjs" tag
//                   ^^^^- ".cts" filename suffix
// this one has a -cjs.cts suffix, so it will override the
// module at src/source-dir.ts in the CJS build,
// and be excluded from the esm build.
import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url'
//@ts-ignore - Have to ignore because TSC thinks this is ESM
export const sourceDir = pathToFileURL(__dirname)

Then put the "real" ESM code in <name>.ts (not .mts!)

You will generally have to //@ts-ignore a bunch of stuff to get the CommonJS build to ignore it, so it's best to keep the polyfill surface as small as possible.

// src/source-dir.ts
// This is the ESM version of the module
//@ts-ignore
export const sourceDir = new URL('.', import.meta.url)

Then in your code, you can just import { sourceDir } from './source-dir.js' and it'll work in both builds.

Excluding from a build using .cts and .mts files

Files named *.mts will be excluded from the CommonJS build.

Files named *.cts will be excluded from the ESM build.

If you need to do something one way for CommonJS and another way for esm, use the "Dialect Switching" trick, with the ESM code living in src/<whatever>.ts and the CommonJS polyfill living in src/<whatever>-cjs.cts.

Excluding Files Entirely From All Builds

If you want to keep some files from being processed by tshy's builds entirely, you can add an exclude string[] field to the tshy object in package.json. For example:

{
  "tshy": {
    "exclude": ["src/**/*.test.ts"]
  }
}

Other Targets: browser, deno, etc.

If you have any other dialects that you'd like to support, you can list them as either commonjsDialects or esmDialects, depending on whether you want them to be built as CommonJS or ESM.

Note that each added dialect you create will result in another build in the ./dist folder, so you may wish to use sparingly if shipping a large project.

For example:

{
  "tshy": {
    "exports": {
      ".": "./src/index.ts"
    },
    "esmDialects": ["deno", "browser"],
    "commonjsDialects": ["webpack"]
  }
}

Will result in:

{
  "exports": {
    ".": {
      "deno": {
        "source": "./src/index.ts",
        "types": "./dist/deno/index.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/deno/index.js"
      },
      "browser": {
        "types": "./dist/browser/index.d.ts",
        "default": "./src/index.ts",
        "default": "./dist/browser/index.js"
      },
      "webpack": {
        "source": "./src/index.ts",
        "types": "./dist/webpack/index.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/webpack/index.js"
      },
      "require": {
        "source": "./src/index.ts",
        "types": "./dist/commonjs/index.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/commonjs/index.js"
      },
      "import": {
        "source": "./src/index.ts",
        "types": "./dist/esm/index.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/esm/index.js"
      }
    }
  }
}

In each of these, you can use the same kind of dialect override that works for CommonJS polyfills described above. For commonjsDialects types, create a file named <filename>-<dialect>.cts, and for esmDialects types, create a file named <filename>-<dialect>.mts.

For example, to provide deno, browser, and webpack overrides in the setup above, the following files would be relevant:

src/index.ts           # normal esm/cjs version
src/index-cjs.cts      # cjs variant for default commonjs
src/index-browser.mts  # esm variant for the browser
src/index-deno.mts     # esm variant for deno
src/index-webpack.cts  # cjs variant for webpack

If dialect overrides are used, then the "source" export condition will refer to the original source for the override. For example:

{
  "exports": {
    ".": {
      "deno": {
        "source": "./src/index-deno.mts",
        "types": "./dist/deno/index.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/deno/index.js"
      },
      "browser": {
        "source": "./src/index-browser.mts",
        "types": "./dist/browser/index.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/browser/index.js"
      },
      "webpack": {
        "source": "./src/index-webpack.cts",
        "types": "./dist/webpack/index.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/webpack/index.js"
      },
      "require": {
        "source": "./src/index-cjs.cts",
        "types": "./dist/commonjs/index.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/commonjs/index.js"
      },
      "import": {
        "source": "./src/index.ts",
        "types": "./dist/esm/index.d.ts",
        "default": "./dist/esm/index.js"
      }
    }
  }
}

Note that the commonjs override uses the abbreviated cjs name (historical reasons, it was originally the only override supported), and that the file extension must be cts or mts depending on the dialect type that it is.

Atomic Builds

Code is built in ./.tshy-build and then copied over only if the build succeeds. This makes it work in monorepo cases where you may have packages that depend on one another and are all being built in parallel (as long as they've been built one time, of course).

If you use "incremental": true in your tsconfig, then this folder will persist, so that TSC can benefit from the .tsbuildinfo files it creates in there.

Exports Management

The exports field in your package.json file will be updated based on the tshy.exports configuration, as described above.

If you don't provide that config, then the default is:

{
  "tshy": {
    "exports": {
      ".": "./src/index.ts",
      "./package.json": "./package.json"
    }
  }
}

TSConfigs

Put whatever configuration you want in tsconfig.json, with the following caveats:

• include - will be overridden based on build, best omitted
• exclude - will be overridden based on build, best omitted
• compilerOptions:
  • outDir - will be overridden based on build, best omitted
  • rootDir - will be set to ./src in the build, can only cause annoying errors otherwise.
  • target - will be set to es2022 if not specified
  • module - will be set to NodeNext
  • moduleResolution - will be set to NodeNext

If you don't have a tsconfig.json file, then one will be provided for you.

Then the tsconfig.json file will be used as the default project for code hints in VSCode, neovim, tests, etc.

Loading from Source

To facilitate jumping directly to source definitions in some tools, you can define custom "sourceDialects" which will be resolved to the original TypeScript source. These custom dialects can then be configured to allow build tools (such as tsc) and editors (such as VS Code and neovim/CoC) to jump directly to source definitions.

For example, in editors such as VS Code and neovim/CoC that use the TypeScript language services, you can give them a tsconfig that contains this:

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "customConditions": ["@my-project/source"]
  }
}

And then add this to your package.json file:

{
  "tshy": {
    "sourceDialects": ["@my-project/source"]
  }
}

If you are loading your program with a custom Node.js importer like tsx that can load TypeScript directly, you can specify it like this:

node --import=tsx --conditions=@my-project/source ./script.ts

Other TypeScript-aware tools may have other mechanisms for specifying export conditions. Refer to their documentation for more information.

Note that sourceDialects are only added to exports whose type matches the top-level package.json type field. For example, if the package.json includes "type": "module", then sourceDialects export conditions will only be added for the import condition, not the require condition.

See also: "Live Dev", above.

Custom project

Configure tshy.project if you want tshy to extend from a custom tsconfig file. This is often useful when you have multiple tsconfig files for different tools:

• A default tsconfig.json for typechecking and type-aware typescript-eslint, specifying "noEmit": true and "include": ["**/*.ts"]
• A tsconfig.build.json for compilation, with "noEmit": false. Note that the caveats above still apply.

{
  "tshy": {
    "project": "./tsconfig.build.json"
  }
}

src/package.json

As of TypeScript 5.2, the only way to emit JavaScript to ESM or cjs, and also import packages using node-style "exports"-aware module resolution, is to set the type field in the package.json file closest to the TypeScript source code.

During the build, tshy will create a file at src/package.json for this purpose, and then delete it afterwards. If that file exists and wasn't put there by tshy, then it will be destroyed.

Local Package exports

In order to facilitate local package exports, tshy will create a symlink to the current package temporarily in ./src/node_modules and permanently in ./dist/node_modules.

If you rely on this feature, you may need to add a paths section to your tsconfig.json so that you don't get nagged constantly by your editor about missing type references.

You can suppress the self-linking by putting this config in package.json but be advised this means that you won't be able to import from local package exports:

{
  "tshy": {
    "selfLink": false
  }
}

Similar to local module imports, Node supports importing the exports of the current package as if it was a dependency of itself. The generated package.json files mess with this similar to imports, but it's much easier to work around.

For example, if you had this in your package.json:

{
  "name": "@my/package",
  "exports": {
    "./foo": {
      "import": "./lib/foo.mjs",
      "require": "./lib/foo.cjs"
    }
  }
}

Then any module in the package could do import('@my/package/foo') or require('@my/package/foo') to pull in the appropriate file.

In order to make this wort, tshy links the current project directory into ./src/node_modules/<pkgname> during the builds, and removes the link afterwards, so that TypeScript knows what those things refer to.

The link is also created in the dist folder, but it's only relevant if your tests load the code from ./dist rather than from ./src. In the install, there's no need to re-create this link, because the package will be in a node_modules folder already.

If you use this feature, you can put something like this in your tsconfig.json file so that your editor knows what those things refer to:

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "paths": {
      "@my/package/foo": ["./src/foo.js"],
      "@my/package/bar": ["./src/bar.js"]
    }
  }
}

Note the .js extension, rather than .ts. Add this for each submodule path that you use in this way, or use a wildcard if you prefer, though this might result in failing to catch errors if you use a submodule identifier that isn't actually exported:

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "paths": {
      "@my/package/*": ["./src/*.js"]
    }
  }
}