rubico

a shallow river in northeastern Italy, just south of Ravenna

[a]synchronous functional programming

const { pipe, map, filter } = rubico

const isOdd = number => number % 2 == 1

const asyncSquare = async number => number ** 2

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

pipe(numbers, [
  filter(isOdd),
  map(asyncSquare),
  console.log, // [1, 9, 25]
])

Installation

Core build (~6.8 kB minified and gzipped)

with npm

npm i rubico

require rubico in CommonJS.

// import rubico core globally
require('rubico/global')

// import rubico core as rubico
const rubico = require('rubico')

// import an operator from rubico core
const pipe = require('rubico/pipe')

// import rubico/x as x
const x = require('rubico/x')

// import an operator from rubico/x
const defaultsDeep = require('rubico/x/defaultsDeep')

// import rubico's Transducer module
const Transducer = require('rubico/Transducer')

import rubico in the browser.

<!-- import rubico core globally -->
<script src="https://unpkg.com/rubico/dist/global.min.js"></script>

<!-- import rubico core as rubico -->
<script src="https://unpkg.com/rubico/dist/rubico.min.js"></script>

<!-- import an operator from rubico core -->
<script src="https://unpkg.com/rubico/dist/pipe.min.js"></script>

<!-- import an operator from rubico/x -->
<script src="https://unpkg.com/rubico/dist/x/defaultsDeep.min.js"></script>

<!-- import rubico's Transducer module -->
<script src="https://unpkg.com/rubico/dist/Transducer.min.js"></script>

Motivation

A note from the author

At a certain point in my career, I grew frustrated with the entanglement of my own code. While looking for something better, I found functional programming. I was excited by the idea of functional composition, but disillusioned by the redundancy of effectful types. I started rubico to capitalize on the prior while rebuking the latter. Many iterations since then, the library has grown into something I personally enjoy using, and continue to use to this day.

rubico is founded on the following principles:

• asynchronous code should be simple
• functional style should not care about async
• functional transformations should be composable, performant, and simple to express

When you import this library, you obtain the freedom that comes from having those three points fulfilled. The result is something you may enjoy.

Introduction

rubico is a library for async-enabled functional programming in JavaScript. The library methods support a simple and composable functional style in asynchronous environments.

const {
  // compose functions
  pipe, compose,

  // handle effects
  tap, forEach,

  // control flow
  switchCase,

  // handle errors
  tryCatch,

  // handle objects
  all, assign, get, set, pick, omit,

  // transform data
  map, filter, reduce, transform, flatMap,

  // compose predicates
  and, or, not, some, every,

  // comparison operators
  eq, gt, lt, gte, lte,

  // partial application
  thunkify, always, curry, __,
} = rubico

With async-enabled, or [a]synchronous, functional programming, functions provided to the rubico methods may be asynchronous and return a Promise. Any promises in argument position are also resolved before continuing with the operation.

const helloPromise = Promise.resolve('hello')

pipe(helloPromise, [ // helloPromise is resolved for 'hello'
  async greeting => `${greeting} world`,
  // the Promise returned from the async function is resolved
  // and the resolved value is passed to console.log

  console.log, // hello world
])

Most methods support both an eager and a lazy API. The eager API takes all required arguments and executes at once, while its lazy API takes only the non-data arguments and executes lazily, returning a function that expects the data arguments. This dual API supports a natural and composable code style.

const myObj = { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }

// the first use of map is eager
const myDuplicatedSquaredObject = map(myObj, pipe([
  number => [number, number],

  // the second use of map is lazy
  map(number => number ** 2),
]))

console.log(myDuplicatedSquaredObject)
// { a: [1, 1], b: [4, 4], c: [9, 9] }

The rubico methods are versatile and act on a wide range of vanilla JavaScript types to create declarative, extensible, and async-enabled function compositions. The same operator map can act on an array and also a Map data structure.

const { pipe, tap, map, filter } = rubico

const toTodosUrl = id => `https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/${id}`

const todoIDs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

pipe(todoIDs, [

  // fetch todos per id of todoIDs
  map(pipe([
    toTodosUrl,
    fetch,
    response => response.json(),

    tap(console.log),
    // { userId: 1, id: 4, title: 'et porro tempora', completed: true }
    // { userId: 1, id: 1, title: 'delectus aut autem', completed: false }
    // { userId: 1, id: 3, title: 'fugiat veniam minus', completed: false }
    // { userId: 1, id: 2, title: 'quis ut nam facilis...', completed: false }
    // { userId: 1, id: 5, title: 'laboriosam mollitia...', completed: false }
  ])),

  // group the todos by userId in a new Map
  function createUserTodosMap(todos) {
    const userTodosMap = new Map()
    for (const todo of todos) {
      const { userId } = todo
      if (userTodosMap.has(userId)) {
        userTodosMap.get(userId).push(todo)
      } else {
        userTodosMap.set(userId, [todo])
      }
    }
    return userTodosMap
  },

  // filter for completed todos
  // map iterates through each value (array of todos) of the userTodosMap
  // filter iterates through each todo of the arrays of todos
  map(filter(function didComplete(todo) {
    return todo.completed
  })),

  tap(console.log),
  // Map(1) {
  //   1 => [ { userId: 1, id: 4, title: 'et porro tempora', completed: true } ]
  // }
])

rubico offers transducers in its Transducer module. You can consume these transducers with the transform and compose methods. You should use compose over pipe to chain a left-to-right composition of transducers.

const isOdd = number => number % 2 == 1

const asyncSquare = async number => number ** 2

const generateNumbers = function* () {
  yield 1
  yield 2
  yield 3
  yield 4
  yield 5
}

pipe(generateNumbers(), [
  transform(compose([
    Transducer.filter(isOdd),
    Transducer.map(asyncSquare),
  ]), []),
  console.log, // [1, 9, 25]
])

For advanced asynchronous use cases, some of the methods have property functions that have different asynchronous behavior, e.g.

• map - apply a mapper function concurrently
• map.pool - apply a mapper function concurrently with a concurrency limit
• map.series - apply a mapper function serially

For more functions beyond the core methods, please visit rubico/x. You can find the full documentation at rubico.land/docs.

Benchmarks

Please find the published benchmark output inside the benchmark-output folder. You can run the benchmarks on your own system with the following command:

npm run bench

Contributing

Your feedback and contributions are welcome. If you have a suggestion, please raise an issue. Prior to that, please search through the issues first in case your suggestion has been made already. If you decide to work on an issue, or feel like taking initiative and contributing anything at all, feel free to create a pull request and I will get back to you shortly.

Pull requests should provide some basic context and link the relevant issue. Here is an example pull request. If you are interested in contributing, the help wanted tag is a good place to start.

For more information please see CONTRIBUTING.md

License

rubico is MIT Licensed.

Support

• minimum Node.js version: 12
• minimum Chrome version: 63
• minimum Firefox version: 57
• minimum Edge version: 79
• minimum Safari version: 11.1

Awesome Resources

rubico simplifies asynchronous code Practical Functional Programming in JavaScript - Side Effects and Purity Practical Functional Programming in JavaScript - Techniques for Composing Data Practical Functional Programming in JavaScript - Error Handling

Blog

Check out the rubico blog at https://rubico.land/blog