Introduction

Imagine a HTML element that may have a CSS transform applied. If we want to add 45° of Z-rotation, we have no way to handle this safely in CSS—we’d just risk overwriting an existing transform. So we decide to use JavaScript, and check the current transform...

getComputedStyle(element) returns the computed styles, and inspecting the transform property shows:

'matrix3d(0.707107, 0.707107, 0, 0, -0.707107, 0.707107, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1)'

It’s here we discover that browsers actually use transformation matrices under the hood to describe rotation, translation, scale and shear. This means if we wish to manage CSS transforms with JavaScript (without overwriting existing transformations), we’re stuck working with matrices.

Rematrix is an easy way to create and combine matrix transformations that work seamlessly with CSS.

Installation

Browser

A simple and fast way to get started is to include this script on your page:

<script src="https://unpkg.com/rematrix"></script>

If you use this method in production, be sure to specify a fixed version number, and use the minified distribution; e.g: https://unpkg.com/[email protected]/dist/rematrix.min.js. This improves performance, but also prevents library changes from impacting your project.

This will create the global variable Rematrix.

Module

npm install rematrix

CommonJS

const Rematrix = require('rematrix')

ES2015

import * as Rematrix from 'rematrix'

Guide

Creating Transforms

Most API methods look a lot like CSS, so for example, in CSS if we would write transform: rotateZ(45deg), we can create the same transformation in JavaScript using Rematrix like this:

Rematrix.rotateZ(45)

This returns a 45° rotation along the Z-axis, represented as an array of 16 values:

[0.707107, 0.707107, 0, 0, -0.707107, 0.707107, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]

These 16 values represent our transformation matrix in column-major order.

Combining Transforms (Using Multiplication)

Where Rematrix really outshines CSS, is the ability to combine transforms — using matrix multiplication. We’ll recreate the same 45° rotation along the Z-axis, but using separate matrices this time:

let r1 = Rematrix.rotateZ(20)
let r2 = Rematrix.rotateZ(25)

let product = Rematrix.multiply(r1, r2)

Here product describes the same array of 16 values (seen above):

[0.707107, 0.707107, 0, 0, -0.707107, 0.707107, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]

Better Multiplication (Using Reduce)

There’s a good chance we’ll need to multiply quite a few matrices together, so its helpful to store them in an array in order to use Array.prototype.reduce to multiply them all in one line:

let r1 = Rematrix.rotateZ(20)
let r2 = Rematrix.rotateZ(65)
let r3 = Rematrix.rotateZ(-40)

let product = [r1, r2, r3].reduce(Rematrix.multiply)

Order is important. For example, rotating 45° along the Z-axis, followed by translating 500 pixels along the Y-axis... is not the same as translating 500 pixels along the Y-axis, followed by rotating 45° along on the Z-axis.

Preserving Transforms

Before applying any of our transforms, we should capture the existing transform of our element using Rematrix.fromString(), e.g:

let element = document.querySelector('#example')
let style = getComputedStyle(element).transform

let transform = Rematrix.fromString(style)

let r1 = Rematrix.rotateZ(20)
let r2 = Rematrix.rotateZ(65)
let r3 = Rematrix.rotateZ(-40)

let product = [transform, r1, r2, r3].reduce(Rematrix.multiply)

By passing the computed transform styles to Rematrix.fromString(), we create a matrix of the existing transform. We can now factor this into our multiplication.

The existing transformation has been deliberately placed at the start of the array to ensure the computed transform is the foundation for the succeeding transformations.

Applying Transforms

We can turn our matrix into valid CSS using Rematrix.toString(), which we can apply to our element’s style, e.g:

element.style.transform = Rematrix.toString(product)

And that concludes this introduction to Rematrix. Please explore the finished Live Demo on JSFiddle.

API Reference

• format(source)
• fromString(source)
• identity()
• inverse(source)
• multiply(matrixA, matrixB)
• perspective(distance)
• rotate(angle)
• rotateX(angle)
• rotateY(angle)
• rotateZ(angle)
• scale(scalar, [scalarY])
• scaleX(scalar)
• scaleY(scalar)
• scaleZ(scalar)
• skew(angleX, [angleY])
• skewX(angle)
• skewY(angle)
• toString(source)
• translate(distanceX, [distanceY])
• translate3d(distanceX, distanceY, distanceZ)
• translateX(distance)
• translateY(distance)
• translateZ(distance)

format(source) ⇒ number[]

Transformation matrices in the browser come in two flavors:

• matrix using 6 values (short)
• matrix3d using 16 values (long)

This utility follows this conversion guide to expand short form matrices to their equivalent long form.

| Param | Description | | ------ | -------------------------------- | | source | A number[] with length 6 or 16 |

fromString(source) ⇒ number[]

Converts a CSS Transform to array.

| Param | Description | | ------ | -------------------------------------------------------------- | | source | A string containing a matrix or matrix3d property value. |

identity() ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing no transformation. The product of any matrix multiplied by the identity matrix will be the original matrix.

Tip: Similar to how 5 * 1 === 5, where 1 is the identity.

inverse(source) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing the inverse transformation of the source matrix. The product of any matrix multiplied by its inverse will be the identity matrix.

Tip: Similar to how 5 * (1/5) === 1, where 1/5 is the inverse.

| Param | Description | | ------ | -------------------------------- | | source | A number[] with length 6 or 16 |

multiply(matrixA, matrixB) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing the combined transformations of both arguments.

Note: Order is important. For example, rotating 45° along the Z-axis, followed by translating 500 pixels along the Y-axis... Is not the same as translating 500 pixels along the Y-axis, followed by rotating 45° along on the Z-axis.

| Param | Description | | ------- | -------------------------------- | | matrixA | A number[] with length 6 or 16 | | matrixB | A number[] with length 6 or 16 |

perspective(distance) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing perspective.

| Param | Description | | -------- | ------------------------------ | | distance | A number measured in pixels. |

rotate(angle) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing Z-axis rotation.

Tip: This is just an alias for Rematrix.rotateZ for parity with CSS

| Param | Description | | ----- | ------------------------------- | | angle | A number measured in degrees. |

rotateX(angle) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing X-axis rotation.

| Param | Description | | ----- | ------------------------------- | | angle | A number measured in degrees. |

rotateY(angle) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing Y-axis rotation.

| Param | Description | | ----- | ------------------------------- | | angle | A number measured in degrees. |

rotateZ(angle) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing Z-axis rotation.

| Param | Description | | ----- | ------------------------------- | | angle | A number measured in degrees. |

scale(scalar, [scalarY]) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing 2D scaling. The first argument is used for both X and Y-axis scaling, unless an optional second argument is provided to explicitly define Y-axis scaling.

| Param | Description | | --------- | ----------------------------------------- | | scalar | A number decimal multiplier. | | [scalarY] | A number decimal multiplier. (Optional) |

scaleX(scalar) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing X-axis scaling.

| Param | Description | | ------ | ------------------------------ | | scalar | A number decimal multiplier. |

scaleY(scalar) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing Y-axis scaling.

| Param | Description | | ------ | ------------------------------ | | scalar | A number decimal multiplier. |

scaleZ(scalar) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing Z-axis scaling.

| Param | Description | | ------ | ------------------------------ | | scalar | A number decimal multiplier. |

skew(angleX, [angleY]) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing shear. The first argument defines X-axis shearing, and an optional second argument defines Y-axis shearing.

| Param | Description | | -------- | ------------------------------------------ | | angleX | A number measured in degrees. | | [angleY] | A number measured in degrees. (Optional) |

skewX(angle) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing X-axis shear.

| Param | Description | | ----- | ------------------------------- | | angle | A number measured in degrees. |

skewY(angle) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing Y-axis shear.

| Param | Description | | ----- | ------------------------------- | | angle | A number measured in degrees. |

toString(source) ⇒ string

Returns a CSS Transform property value equivalent to the source matrix.

| Param | Description | | ------ | -------------------------------- | | source | A number[] with length 6 or 16 |

translate(distanceX, [distanceY]) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing 2D translation. The first argument defines X-axis translation, and an optional second argument defines Y-axis translation.

| Param | Description | | ----------- | ----------------------------------------- | | distanceX | A number measured in pixels. | | [distanceY] | A number measured in pixels. (Optional) |

translate3d(distanceX, distanceY, distanceZ) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing 3D translation. The first argument defines X-axis translation, the second argument defines Y-axis translation, and the third argument defines Z-axis translation.

| Param | Description | | ----------| ------------------------------ | | distanceX | A number measured in pixels. | | distanceY | A number measured in pixels. | | distanceZ | A number measured in pixels. |

translateX(distance) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing X-axis translation.

| Param | Description | | -------- | ------------------------------ | | distance | A number measured in pixels. |

translateY(distance) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing Y-axis translation.

| Param | Description | | -------- | ------------------------------ | | distance | A number measured in pixels. |

translateZ(distance) ⇒ number[]

Returns a matrix representing Z-axis translation.

| Param | Description | | -------- | ------------------------------ | | distance | A number measured in pixels. |

Copyright 2021 Julian Lloyd. Open source under the MIT License.