Semantic Role Labeling

Task Definition

Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) is a well-defined task where the objective is to analyze propositions expressed by the verb. In SRL, each word that bears a semantic role in the sentence has to be identified. There are different types of arguments (also called ’thematic roles’) such as Agent, Patient, Instrument, and also of adjuncts, such as Locative, Temporal, Manner, and Cause. These arguments and adjuncts represent entities participating in the event and give information about the event characteristics.

In the field of SRL, PropBank is one of the studies widely recognized by the computational linguistics communities. PropBank is the bank of propositions where predicate- argument information of the corpora is annotated, and the semantic roles or arguments that each verb can take are posited.

Each verb has a frame file, which contains arguments applicable to that verb. Frame files may include more than one roleset with respect to the senses of the given verb. In the roleset of a verb sense, argument labels Arg0 to Arg5 are described according to the meaning of the verb. For the example below, the predicate is “announce” from PropBank, Arg0 is “announcer”, Arg1 is “entity announced”, and ArgM- TMP is “time attribute”.

[ARG0 Türk Hava Yolları] [ARG1 indirimli satışlarını] [ARGM-TMP bu Pazartesi] [PREDICATE açıkladı].

[ARG0 Turkish Airlines] [PREDICATE announced] [ARG1 its discounted fares] [ARGM-TMP this Monday].

The following Table shows typical semantic role types. Only Arg0 and Arg1 indicate the same thematic roles across different verbs: Arg0 stands for the Agent or Causer and Arg1 is the Patient or Theme. The rest of the thematic roles can vary across different verbs. They can stand for Instrument, Start point, End point, Beneficiary, or Attribute. Moreover, PropBank uses ArgM’s as modifier labels indicating time, location, temporal, goal, cause etc., where the role is not specific to a single verb group; it generalizes over the entire corpus instead.

|Tag|Meaning| |---|---| |Arg0|Agent or Causer| |ArgM-EXT|Extent| |Arg1|Patient or Theme| |ArgM-LOC|Locatives| |Arg2|Instrument, start point, end point, beneficiary, or attribute| |ArgM-CAU|Cause| |ArgM-MNR|Manner| |ArgM-DIS|Discourse| |ArgM-ADV|Adverbials| |ArgM-DIR|Directionals| |ArgM-PNC|Purpose| |ArgM-TMP|Temporals|

Data Annotation

Preparation

1. Collect a set of sentences to annotate.
2. Each sentence in the collection must be named as xxxx.yyyyy in increasing order. For example, the first sentence to be annotated will be 0001.train, the second 0002.train, etc.
3. Put the sentences in the same folder such as Turkish-Phrase.
4. Build the Java project and put the generated sentence-propbank-predicate.jar and sentence-propbank-argument.jar files into another folder such as Program.
5. Put Turkish-Phrase and Program folders into a parent folder.

Predicate Annotation

1. Open sentence-propbank-predicate.jar file.
2. Wait until the data load message is displayed.
3. Click Open button in the Project menu.
4. Choose a file for annotation from the folder Turkish-Phrase.
5. For each predicate word in the sentence, click the word, and choose PREDICATE tag for that word.
6. Click one of the next buttons to go to other files.

Argument Annotation

1. Open sentence-propbank-argument.jar file.
2. Wait until the data load message is displayed.
3. Click Open button in the Project menu.
4. Choose a file for annotation from the folder Turkish-Phrase.
5. For each word in the sentence, click the word, and choose correct argument tag for that word.
6. Click one of the next buttons to go to other files.

Classification DataSet Generation

After annotating sentences, you can use DataGenerator package to generate classification dataset for the Semantic Role Labeling task.

Generation of ML Models

After generating the classification dataset as above, one can use the Classification package to generate machine learning models for the Semantic Role Labeling task.

For Developers

You can also see either Python, Java, C++, Cython, Swift, or C# repository.

Requirements

• Node.js 14 or higher
• Git

Node.js

To check if you have a compatible version of Node.js installed, use the following command:

node -v

You can find the latest version of Node.js here.

Git

Install the latest version of Git.

Npm Install

npm install nlptoolkit-semanticrolelabeling

Download Code

In order to work on code, create a fork from GitHub page. Use Git for cloning the code to your local or below line for Ubuntu:

git clone <your-fork-git-link>

A directory called util will be created. Or you can use below link for exploring the code:

git clone https://github.com/starlangsoftware/semanticrolelabeling-js.git

Open project with Webstorm IDE

Steps for opening the cloned project:

• Start IDE
• Select File | Open from main menu
• Choose SemanticRoleLabeling-Js file
• Select open as project option
• Couple of seconds, dependencies will be downloaded.

Detailed Description

The first task in Semantic Role Labeling is detecting predicates. In order to detect the predicates of the sentence, we use autoPredicate method of the TurkishSentenceAutoPredicate class.

sentence = ...
turkishAutoPredicate = TurkishSentenceAutoPredicate(new FramesetList())
turkishAutoPredicate.autoPredicate(sentence)

Afterwards, one has to annotate the arguments for each predicate. We use autoArgument method of the TurkishSentenceAutoArgument class for that purpose.

turkishAutoArgument.autoArgument(sentence)

Cite

@article{tbtkelektrik400987,
journal = {Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science},
issn = {1300-0632},
eissn = {1303-6203},
address = {},
publisher = {TÜBİTAK},
year = {2018},
volume = {26},
pages = {570 - 581},
doi = {},
title = {Construction of a Turkish proposition bank},
key = {cite},
author = {Ak,  Koray and Toprak,  Cansu and Esgel,  Volkan and Yıldız,  Olcay Taner}
}