Todo List App JavaScript Tutorial

A step-by-step tutorial showing you how to build a Todo List App from scratch in JavaScript.

Before you continue, try the demo: https://todomvc-app.herokuapp.com

Add a few items to the list. Double-click/tap the item to edit it. Check-off your todos and navigate the footer to filter for Active/Completed. Try and "break" it! Refresh the page and notice how your todo items are "still there" (they were saved to localStorage!). Once you have had a "play" with the demo, come back and build it!!

Why?

The purpose of this Todo List mini project is to practice your "VanillaJS" skills and consolidate your understanding of The Elm Architecture (TEA) by creating a "real world" useable App following strict Documentation and Test Driven Development.

This will show you that it's not only possible to write docs and tests first, you will see first hand that code is more concise, well-documented and thus easier to maintain and you will get your "work" done much faster.

These are foundational skills that will pay immediate returns on the time invested, and will continue to return "interest" for as long as you write (and people use your) software!

It's impossible to "over-state" how vital writing tests first is to both your personal effectiveness and long-term sanity. Thankfully, by the end of this chapter, you will see how easy it is.

What?

Build a fully functional "Todo List" Application! Along the way we will cover:

• [x] Building an App using a pre-made CSS Styles/Framework!
• [x] The Document Object Model (DOM) + JSDOM
• [x] Browser Routing/Navigation
• [x] Local Storage for Offline Support
• [x] Keyboard event listeners for rapid todo list creation and editing!

We will be abstracting all "architecture" related ("generic") code into a "mini frontend framework" called "elmish". (elmish is inspired by Elm but only meant for educational purposes!)

The journey to creating elmish is captured in elmish.md and fully documented code is in elmish.js. This means our Todo List App can be as concise and "declarative" as possible.

Todo List?

If you are unfamiliar with Todo lists, simply put: they are a way of keeping a list of the tasks that need to be done. see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_management#Setting_priorities_and_goals

Todo Lists or "Checklists" are the best way of tracking tasks. Atul Gawande wrote a superb book on this subject: https://www.amazon.com/Checklist-Manifesto-How-Things-Right/dp/0312430000 Or if you don't have time to read, watch: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=checklist+manifesto

TodoMVC?

If you have not come across TodoMVC before, it's a website that showcases various "frontend" frameworks using a common user interface (UI): a Todo List Application.

We highly recommend checking out the following links:

• Website: http://todomvc.com
• GitHub project: https://github.com/tastejs/todomvc

For our purposes we will simply be re-using the TodoMVC CSS to make our TEA Todo List look good (not have to "worry" about styles so we can focus on functionality). All the JavaScript code will be written "from scratch" to ensure that everything is clear.

Who?

This tutorial is for anyone/everyone who wants to develop their "core" JavaScript skills (without using a framework/library) while building a "real world" (fully functional) Todo List Application.

As always, if you get "stuck", please open an issue: https://github.com/dwyl/javascript-todo-list-tutorial/issues by opening a question you help everyone learn more effectively!

Prerequisites

Most beginners with basic JavaScript and HTML knowledge should be able to follow this example without any prior experience. The code is commented and the most "complex" function is an event listener. With that said, if you feel "stuck" at any point, please consult the recommend reading (and Google) and if you cannot find an answer, please open an issue!

Recommended reading:

• Test Driven Developement: https://github.com/dwyl/learn-tdd
• Tape-specific syntax: https://github.com/dwyl/learn-tape
• Elm Architecture: https://github.com/dwyl/learn-elm-architecture-in-javascript

How?

Start by cloning this repository to your localhost so that you can follow the example/tutorial offline:

git clone https://github.com/dwyl/javascript-todo-list-tutorial.git

Install the devDependencies so you can run the tests:

cd javascript-todo-list-tutorial && npm install

Now you have everything you need to build a Todo List from scratch!

Elm(ish) ?

In order to simplify the code for our Todo List App, we abstracted much of the "generic" code into a "front-end micro framework" called Elm(ish). The functions & functionality of Elm(ish) should be familiar to you so you should be able to build the Todo List using the Elm(ish) helper functions e.g: mount, div, input and route.

You can opt to either:

a) read the Elm(ish) docs/tutorial elmish.md before building the Todo List App - this will give you both TDD practice and a deeper understanding of building a micro framework. i.e. "prospective learning"

b) refer the Elm(ish) docs/tutorial elmish.md while building the Todo List App when you "need to know" how one of the helper functions works. i.e. "contextual learning"

c) only consult the Elm(ish) docs/tutorial elmish.md if you are "stuck" while building the Todo List App. i.e. "debug learning"

The choice is yours; there is no "right" way to learn.

Testing & Documentation?

Before diving into building the Todo List App, we need to consider how we are going to test it. By ensuring that we follow TDD from the start of an App, we will have "no surprises" and avoid having to "correct" any "bad habits".

We will be using Tape and JSDOM for testing both our functions and the final application. If you are new to either of these tools, please see: github.com/dwyl/learn-tape and front-end-with-tape.md

We will be using JSDOC for documentation. Please see our tutorial if this is new to you.

Create Files

In your editor/terminal create the following files:

• test/todo-app.test.js
• lib/todo-app.js
• index.html

These file names should be self-explanatory, but if unclear, todo-app.test.js is where we will write the tests for our Todo List App. todo-app.js is where all the JSDOCs and functions for our Todo List App will be written.

Test Setup

In order to run our test(s), we need some "setup" code that "requires" the libraries/files so we can execute the functions.

In the test/todo-app.test.js file, type the following code:

const test = require('tape');       // https://github.com/dwyl/learn-tape
const fs = require('fs');           // to read html files (see below)
const path = require('path');       // so we can open files cross-platform
const html = fs.readFileSync(path.resolve(__dirname, '../index.html'));
require('jsdom-global')(html);      // https://github.com/rstacruz/jsdom-global
const app = require('../lib/todo-app.js'); // functions to test
const id = 'test-app';              // all tests use 'test-app' as root element

Most of this code should be familiar to you if you have followed previous tutorials. If anything is unclear please revisit https://github.com/dwyl/learn-tape and front-end-with-tape.md

If you attempt to run the test file: node test/todo-app.test.js you should see no output. (this is expected as we haven't written any tests yet!)

model

The model for our Todo List App is boringly simple. All we need is an Object with a todos key which has an Array of Objects as it's value:

{
  todos: [
    { id: 1, title: "Learn Elm Architecture", done: true },
    { id: 2, title: "Build Todo List App",    done: false },
    { id: 3, title: "Win the Internet!",      done: false }
  ]
}

todos is an Array of Objects and each Todo (Array) item has 3 keys:

• id: the index in the list.
• title: the title/description of the todo item.
• done: a boolean indicating if the item is complete or still "todo".

What about the count of items ?

The TodoMVC Specification requires us to display a counter of the items in the Todo list: https://github.com/tastejs/todomvc/blob/master/app-spec.md#counter

In order to display the count of items in the Todo list, we could store 3 values in the model:

• total_items - the total number of items, in this case 3.
• completed_items - the number of completed items. in this case 1.
• incomplete_items - the number of items still to be done; 2.

Each time a new item is added to the list we would need to update both the total_items and the incomplete_items values in the model. And each time an item gets checked off as "done", we would need to update both the incomplete_items and the completed_items. This is unnecessary effort we can avoid. We can simply compute these values based on the data in the todos Array and display them for the user without storing any additional data.

Instead of storing any additional data for a counter in the model (the count of active and completed Todo items), we will compute the count and display the count at "runtime". We don't need to store any additional data in the model. This may use a few CPU cycles computing the count each time the view is rendered but that's "OK"! Even on an ancient Android device this will only take a millisecond to compute and won't "slow down" the app or affect UX.

See below for how the three counts are computed.

e.g: in the model above there are 3 todo items in the todos Array; 2 items which are "active" (done=false) and 1 which is "done" (done=true).

model Test

Given that the model is "just data" ( it has no "methods" because Elm(ish) is "Functional" not "Object Oriented" ), there is no functionality to test. We are merely going to test for the "shape" of the data.

In the test/todo-app.test.js file, append following test code:

test('todo `model` (Object) has desired keys', function (t) {
  const keys = Object.keys(app.model);
  t.deepEqual(keys, ['todos', 'hash'], "`todos` and `hash` keys are present.");
  t.true(Array.isArray(app.model.todos), "model.todos is an Array")
  t.end();
});

If you run this test in your terminal:

node test/todo-app.test.js

You should see both assertions fail:

model Implementation

Write the minimum code required to pass this test in todo-app.js. e.g:

/**
 * initial_model is a simple JavaScript Object with two keys and no methods.
 * it is used both as the "initial" model when mounting the Todo List App
 * and as the "reset" state when all todos are deleted at once.
 */
var initial_model = {
  todos: [], // empty array which we will fill shortly
  hash: "#/" // the hash in the url (for routing)
}

/* module.exports is needed to run the functions using Node.js for testing! */
/* istanbul ignore next */
if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
  module.exports = {
    model: initial_model
  }
}

Once you save the todo-app.js file and re-run the tests.

node test/todo-app.test.js

You should expect to see both assertions passing:

We're off to a great start! Let's tackle some actual functionality next!

update

The update function is the "brain" of the App.

update JSDOC

The JSDOC for our update function is:

/**
 * `update` transforms the `model` based on the `action`.
 * @param {String} action - the desired action to perform on the model.
 * @param {Object} model - the App's data ("state").
 * @return {Object} new_model - the transformed model.
 */

update Test > default case

As with the update in our counter example the function body is a switch statement that "decides" how to handle a request based on the action (also known as the "message").

Given that we know that our update function "skeleton" will be a switch statement (because that is the "TEA" pattern) a good test to start with is the default case.

Append the following test code in test/todo-app.test.js:

test('todo `update` default case should return model unmodified', function (t) {
  const model = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(app.model));
  const unmodified_model = app.update('UNKNOWN_ACTION', model);
  t.deepEqual(model, unmodified_model, "model returned unmodified");
  t.end();
});

If you run this test in your terminal:

node test/todo-app.test.js

You should see the assertion fail:

update Function Implementation > default case

Write the minimum code necessary to pass the test.

Yes, we could just write:

function update (action, model) { return model; }

And that would make the test pass.

But, in light of the fact that we know the update function body will contain a switch statement, make the test pass by returning the model unmodified in the default case.

e.g:

/**
 * `update` transforms the `model` based on the `action`.
 * @param {String} action - the desired action to perform on the model.
 * @param {Object} model - the App's (current) model (or "state").
 * @return {Object} new_model - the transformed model.
 */
function update(action, model) {
 switch (action) {                  // action (String) determines which case
   default:                         // if action unrecognised or undefined,
     return model;                  // return model unmodified
 }    // default? https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/a/201786/211301
}

When you re-run the test(s) in your terminal:

node test/todo-app.test.js

You should see this assertion pass:

Now that we have a passing test for the default case in our update function, we can move on to thinking about the first (and most fundamental) piece of functionality in the Todo List App: Adding an item to the list.

ADD an item to the Todo List

This is both the first "feature" a "user" will encounter and by far the most used feature of a Todo List. (by definition people add more items to their list than they finish, to finish everything we would have to live forever!)

ADD item Acceptance Criteria

Adding a new todo item's text should append the todo item Object to the model.todos Array. Such that the model is transformed (data is added) in the following way:

BEFORE:

{
  todos: [],
  hash: "#/"
}

AFTER:

{
  todos: [
    {id: 1, "Add Todo List Item", done: false }
  ],
  hash: "#/"
}

Hold On, That Doesn't Seem "Right" How Does Todo Item Text Get Added?

While considering the "Acceptance Criteria" for adding an item to the Todo List, we notice that our update JSDOC and corresponding function "signature" (defined above) as:

/**
 * `update` transforms the `model` based on the `action`.
 * @param {String} action - the desired action to perform on the model.
 * @param {Object} model - the App's (current) model (or "state").
 * @return {Object} updated_model - the transformed model.
 */
function update(action, model) {
 switch (action) {                  // action (String) determines which case
   default:                         // if action unrecognised or undefined,
     return model;                  // return model unmodified
 }    // default? https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/a/201786/211301
}

does not have a parameter for passing in the Todo List item Text (title), i.e. how do we add "data" to the model...?

That's "Oh kay"! (don't panic!) If we try to think about implementation up-front, we would invariably be "over-thinking" things and get "stuck" in the "analysis paralysis" of "waterfall"

As you are about to see, we can easily change the function signature, in the next test without affecting our exiting (passing) test!

As you practice "DDD" & "TDD" you will begin to appreciate and even embrace the mental agility that comes from not "over-thinking" things.

Whenever you encounter a "New Requirement" (or realise that you didn't fully consider the original requirements), you know that your suite of tests has " got your back ". You can "refactor" a function's implementation to your heart's content, safe in the knowledge that all your existing tests still pass. i.e. the rest of the app "still works" exactly as expected.

We don't want to "mess with" either of the other two (existing) parameters, both action and model have clearly defined purposes, but we need a way to pass "data" into the update function!

With that in mind, let's amend the update JSDOC comment and function signature to:

/**
 * `update` transforms the `model` based on the `action`.
 * @param {String} action - the desired action to perform on the model.
 * @param {Object} model - the App's (current) model (or "state").
 * @param {String} data - data we want to "apply" to the item. e.g: item Title.
 * @return {Object} updated_model - the transformed model.
 */
function update(action, model, data) {
  switch (action) {                  // action (String) determines which case
    default:                         // if action unrecognised or undefined,
      return model;                  // return model unmodified
  }    // default? https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/a/201786/211301
}

Without making any other changes, re-run the tests:

node test/todo-app.test.js

Everything should still pass:

Congratulations! You just extended a function (signature) without affecting any existing tests.

ADD item Test

Append the following test code to your test/todo-app.test.js file:

test('`ADD` a new todo item to model.todos Array via `update`', function (t) {
  const model = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(app.model)); // initial state
  t.equal(model.todos.length, 0, "initial model.todos.length is 0");
  const updated_model = app.update('ADD', model, "Add Todo List Item");
  const expected = { id: 1, title: "Add Todo List Item", done: false };
  t.equal(updated_model.todos.length, 1, "updated_model.todos.length is 1");
  t.deepEqual(updated_model.todos[0], expected, "Todo list item added.");
  t.end();
});

If you run this test in your terminal:

node test/todo-app.test.js

You should see the assertion fail:

ADD item Implementation

With the above test as your "guide", write the bare minimum code necessary to make all assertions pass.

Sample implementation:

/**
 * `update` transforms the `model` based on the `action`.
 * @param {String} action - the desired action to perform on the model.
 * @param {Object} model - the App's (current) model (or "state").
 * @param {String} data - the data we want to "apply" to the item.
 * @return {Object} updated_model - the transformed model.
 */
function update(action, model, data) {
  var new_model = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(model)) // "clone" the model
  switch(action) {                   // and an action (String) runs a switch
    case 'ADD':
      new_model.todos.push({
        id: model.todos.length + 1,
        title: data,
        done: false
      });
      break;
    default: // if action unrecognised or undefined,
      return model; // return model unmodified
  }   // see: https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/a/201786/211301
  return new_model;
}

the case 'ADD' is the relevant code.

Was your implementation similar...? If you were able to make it simpler, please share!

Once you have the test(s) passing e.g:

Let's move on to the next functionality!

TOGGLE a Todo item to done=true

Checking off a todo item involves changing the value of the done property from false to true. e.g:

FROM:

{
  todos: [
    {id: 1, "Toggle a todo list item", done: false }
  ]
}

TO:

{
  todos: [
    {id: 1, "Toggle a todo list item", done: true }
  ]
}

Given that we have already defined our update function above, we can dive straight into writing a test:

TOGGLE item Test

Append the following test code to your test/todo-app.test.js file:

test('`TOGGLE` a todo item from done=false to done=true', function (t) {
  const model = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(app.model)); // initial state
  const model_with_todo = app.update('ADD', model, "Toggle a todo list item");
  const item = model_with_todo.todos[0];
  const model_todo_done = app.update('TOGGLE', model_with_todo, item.id);
  const expected = { id: 1, title: "Toggle a todo list item", done: true };
  t.deepEqual(model_todo_done.todos[0], expected, "Todo list item Toggled.");
  t.end();
});

execute the test:

node test/todo-app.test.js

You should see something similar to the following:

TOGGLE item Implementation

With the above test as your "guide", write the minimum code necessary to make the test pass. (ensure that you continue to make a "copy" of the model rather than "mutate" it)

Once you make it pass you should see:

Try to make the test pass alone (or with your pairing partner). If you get "stuck" see: todo-app.js

Hold On, Does This Work Both Ways?

Yes, you guessed it! Choosing to name the action as "TOGGLE" is precisely because we don't need to have a separate function to "undo" an item if it has been "checked off".

Append the following test code to your test/todo-app.test.js file:

test('`TOGGLE` (undo) a todo item from done=true to done=false', function (t) {
  const model = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(app.model)); // initial state
  const model_with_todo = app.update('ADD', model, "Toggle a todo list item");
  const item = model_with_todo.todos[0];
  const model_todo_done = app.update('TOGGLE', model_with_todo, item.id);
  const expected = { id: 1, title: "Toggle a todo list item", done: true };
  t.deepEqual(model_todo_done.todos[0], expected, "Toggled done=false >> true");
  // add another item before "undoing" the original one:
  const model_second_item = app.update('ADD', model_todo_done, "Another todo");
  t.equal(model_second_item.todos.length, 2, "there are TWO todo items");
  // Toggle the original item such that: done=true >> done=false
  const model_todo_undone = app.update('TOGGLE', model_second_item, item.id);
  const undone = { id: 1, title: "Toggle a todo list item", done: false };
  t.deepEqual(model_todo_undone.todos[0],undone, "Todo item Toggled > undone!");
  t.end();
});

You should not need to modify any of the code in the update function. The above test should just pass based on the code you wrote above. If it does not, then revise your implementation of the TOGGLE case in update until all tests pass:

view Function

It won't have "escaped" you that so far we have not written any code that a user can actually interact with.

So far we have successfully added two case blocks in the switch statement of our update function. We now have the two basic functions required to both ADD a new todo list item to the model.todos Array and check-off a todo list item as "done" using the TOGGLE action. This is "enough" functionality to start using the todo list (ourselves) and UX-testing it with prospective "users".

If you followed through the "Elm(ish)" tutorial elmish.md you will have seen that we created a sample view in the last few tests to "exercise" the DOM element creation functions. This means that we already know how to build a view for our Todo List App! We "just" need to adapt the view we made in Elm(ish) to display the data in our model.

Sample model to Render in Our view

Let's return to the sample model from above:

{
  todos: [
    { id: 1, title: "Learn Elm Architecture", done: true },
    { id: 2, title: "Build Todo List App",    done: false },
    { id: 3, title: "Win the Internet!",      done: false }
  ],
  hash: '#/' // the "route" to display
}

The model contains three items in the todos Array. The first is complete (done=true) whereas the second and third items are still "todo" (done=false).

This is what this model looks like in the "VanillaJS" TodoMVC:

Our quest in the next "pomodoro" is to re-create this using the DOM functions we created in Elm(ish)!

Focus on Rendering The List First

For now, ignore the <footer> (below the Todo List) and just focus on rendering the list itself.

In your web browser, open Developer Tools and inspect the HTML for the Todo list: http://todomvc.com/examples/vanillajs/

This is the HTML copied directly from the browser:

<section class="main" style="display: block;">
  <input class="toggle-all" type="checkbox">
  <label for="toggle-all">Mark all as complete</label>
  <ul class="todo-list">
    <li data-id="1533501855500" class="completed">
      <div class="view">
        <input class="toggle" type="checkbox">
        <label>Learn Elm Architecture</label>
        <button class="destroy"></button>
      </div>
    </li>
    <li data-id="1533501861171" class="">
      <div class="view">
        <input class="toggle" type="checkbox">
        <label>Build Todo List App</label>
        <button class="destroy"></button>
      </div>
    </li>
    <li data-id="1533501867123" class="">
      <div class="view"><input class="toggle" type="checkbox">
        <label>Win the Internet!</label>
        <button class="destroy"></button>
      </div>
    </li>
  </ul>
</section>

Note: there is "redundant" markup in this HTML in the form of a <div> inside the <li>, for now we are just replicating the HTML "faithfully", we can "prune" it later.

From this HTMl we can write our "Technical Acceptance Criteria":

• [ ] Todo List items should be displayed as list items <li> in an unordered list <ul>.
• [ ] Each Todo List item <li> should contain a <div> with a class="view" which "wraps":
  • [ ] <input class="toggle" type="checkbox"> - the "checkbox" that people can "Toggle" to change the "state" of the Todo item from "active" to "done" (which updates the model From: model.todos[id].done=false To: model.todos[id].done=true)
  • [ ] <label> - the text content ("title") of the todo list item
  • [ ] <button class="destroy"> - the button the person can click/tap to delete a Todo item.

Todo List view Test Assertions

Given the model (above),

• [ ] There is a <ul class="todo-list"> with 3 <li> (list items) rendered in the view.
• [ ] The first <li> has an <input type="checkbox"> which is checked (done=true)
• [ ] The remaining <li>'s have <input type="checkbox"> that are unchecked (done=false)

Let's "tackle" the first assertion first:

Render a Single Todo List Item Using render_list Test

It's always a good idea to "break apart" a test into smaller tests because it means we will write smaller (and thus more maintainable) "composable" functions. With that in mind, let's add the following test to test/todo-app.test.js:

test.only('render_item HTML for a single Todo Item', function (t) {
  const model = {
    todos: [
      { id: 1, title: "Learn Elm Architecture", done: true },
    ],
    hash: '#/' // the "route" to display
  };
  // render the ONE todo list item:
  document.getElementById(id).appendChild(app.render_item(model.todos[0]))

  const done = document.querySelectorAll('.completed')[0].textContent;
  t.equal(done, 'Learn Elm Architecture', 'Done: Learn "TEA"');

  const checked = document.querySelectorAll('input')[0].checked;
  t.equal(checked, true, 'Done: ' + model.todos[0].title + " is done=true");

  elmish.empty(document.getElementById(id)); // clear DOM ready for next test
  t.end();
});

After saving the test/todo-app.test.js file, if you attempt to run it:

node test/todo-app.test.js

you will see something like this:

render_list Implementation

Given the test above, I added the following code to my todo-app.js file:

/* if require is available, it means we are in Node.js Land i.e. testing! */
/* istanbul ignore next */
if (typeof require !== 'undefined' && this.window !== this) {
  var { a, button, div, empty, footer, input, h1, header, label, li, mount,
    route, section, span, strong, text, ul } = require('./elmish.js');
}

/**
 * `render_item` creates an DOM "tree" with a single Todo List Item
 * using the "elmish" DOM functions (`li`, `div`, `input`, `label` and `button`)
 * returns an `<li>` HTML element with a nested `<div>` which in turn has the:
 *   `<input type=checkbox>` which lets users to "Toggle" the status of the item
 *   `<label>` which displays the Todo item text (`title`) in a `<text>` node
 *   `<button class="destroy">` lets people "delete" a todo item.
 * see: https://github.com/dwyl/learn-elm-architecture-in-javascript/issues/52
 * @param  {Object} item the todo item object
 * @return {Object} <li> DOM Tree which is nested in the <ul>.
 * @example
 * // returns <li> DOM element with <div>, <input>. <label> & <button> nested
 * var DOM = render_item({id: 1, title: "Build Todo List App", done: false});
 */
function render_item(item) {
  return (
    li([
      "data-id=" + item.id,
      "id=" + item.id,
      item.done ? "class=completed" : ""
    ], [
      div(["class=view"], [
        input(["class=toggle", "type=checkbox",
          (item.done ? "checked=true" : "")], []),
        label([], [text(item.title)]),
        button(["class=destroy"])
      ]) // </div>
    ]) // </li>
  )
}

Add the render_item to the module.exports at the end of the file:

if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
  module.exports = {
    model: initial_model,
    update: update,
    render_item: render_item, // export so that we can unit test
  }
}

This will make the test pass:

Now that we have a render_item function that renders a single <li> (todo list item), we can create another function which uses the render_item in a "loop", to create several <li> nested in a <ul>.

render_main Test

Append the following test code to your test/todo-app.test.js file:

test('render "main" view using (elmish) HTML DOM functions', function (t) {
  const model = {
    todos: [
      { id: 1, title: "Learn Elm Architecture", done: true },
      { id: 2, title: "Build Todo List App",    done: false },
      { id: 3, title: "Win the Internet!",      done: false }
    ],
    hash: '#/' // the "route" to display
  };
  // render the "main" view and append it to the DOM inside the `test-app` node:
  document.getElementById(id).appendChild(app.render_main(model));
  // test that the title text in the model.todos was rendered to <label> nodes:
  document.querySelectorAll('.view').forEach(function (item, index) {
    t.equal(item.textContent, model.todos[index].title,
      "index #" + index + " <label> text: " + item.textContent)
  })

  const inputs = document.querySelectorAll('input'); // todo items are 1,2,3
  [true, false, false].forEach(function(state, index){
    t.equal(inputs[index + 1].checked, state,
      "Todo #" + index + " is done=" + state)
  })
  elmish.empty(document.getElementById(id)); // clear DOM ready for next test
  t.end();
});

If you attempt to run this test:

node test/todo-app.test.js

you will see something like this:

Given your knowledge of implementing the render_item function above, and your skills with JavaScript loops, create your render_main function, to make the tests pass.

If you get "stuck" there is a reference implementation in: todo-app.js

All our tests pass and we have 100% test coverage:

This means we are writing the "bare minimum" code necessary to meet all acceptance criteria (requirements), which is both faster and more maintainable! Onwards!

<footer> Element issues/53

Referring again to the rendered HTML on http://todomvc.com/examples/vanillajs as our "guide":

Dev Tools > Elements (inspector)

Copy-paste the rendered HTML

"copy-pasted" of the rendered HTML from the Dev Tools:

<footer class="footer" style="display: block;">
  <span class="todo-count">
    <strong>2</strong> items left
  </span>
  <ul class="filters">
    <li>
      <a href="#/" class="selected">All</a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#/active">Active</a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#/completed">Completed</a>
    </li>
  </ul>
  <button class="clear-completed" style="display: block;">
    Clear completed
  </button>
</footer>

Technical Acceptance Criteria

These are the criteria (checklist) as described in issues/53:

• [ ] render_footer returns a <footer> DOM element which can be rendered directly to the document or nested in another DOM element.
• [ ] <footer> contains:
  • [ ] <span class="todo-count"> which contains
    • [ ] a text node with: "{count} item(s) left". pseudocode: {model.todos.filter( (i) => { i.done==false })} item{model.todos.length > 1 ? 's' : '' } left
  • [ ] <ul> containing 3 <li> with the following links (<a>):
    • [ ] Show All: <a href="#/" class="selected">All</a>
      • [ ] class="selected" should only appear on the selected menu/navigation item. this should be "driven" by the model.hash property.
    • [ ] Show Active: <a href="#/active">Active</a>
    • [ ] Show Completed: <a href="#/completed">Completed</a>
  • [ ] <button class="clear-completed" style="display: block;"> will Clear all Completed items. sample code: new_model.todos = model.todos.filter(function(item) { return item.done === false })

Estimate Time Required to Write render_footer Function

"armed" with the acceptance criteria checklist and the "informative prior" (the experience we have already gained) from building the previous view functions render_item and render_main we estimate with reasonable confidence that it will take us 25 minutes (one "pomodoro) to:

• [ ] Craft the JSDOC comment documenting the render_footer function so that all future developers will easily understand what the function does.
• [ ] Write a (unit) test covering the acceptance criteria (test first!)
• [ ] Write the (bare minimum) code to pass the test assertions.

Note On Time Estimates: if it takes longer than 25 mins "budget", don't panic or feel like you have "failed", it's not a "problem" ... it's just "more data" (knowledge/experience) that you can incorporate into improving future estimates! over time you will get really good at estimating, this is just a starting point

render_footer JSDOC Comment Documentation

Here is a sample comment which documents the render_footer function:

/**
 * `render_footer` renders the `<footer class="footer">` of the Todo List App
 * which contains count of items to (still) to be done and a `<ul>` "menu"
 * with links to filter which todo items appear in the list view.
 * @param {Object} model - the App's (current) model (or "state").
 * @return {Object} <section> DOM Tree which containing the <footer> element.
 * @example
 * // returns <footer> DOM element with other DOM elements nested:
 * var DOM = render_footer(model);
 */

Write your own JSDOC or add these lines to your todo-app.js file.

render_footer Test

Here is a sample test you can add to your test/todo-app.test.js file: (if you feel confident in your TDD skills, you could try to write your own test/assertions...)

test.only('render_footer view using (elmish) HTML DOM functions', function (t) {
  const model = {
    todos: [
      { id: 1, title: "Learn Elm Architecture", done: true },
      { id: 2, title: "Build Todo List App",    done: false },
      { id: 3, title: "Win the Internet!",      done: false }
    ],
    hash: '#/' // the "route" to display
  };
  // render_footer view and append it to the DOM inside the `test-app` node:
  document.getElementById(id).appendChild(app.render_footer(model));

  // todo-count should display 2 items left (still to be done):
  const left = document.getElementById('count').innerHTML;
  t.equal(left, "<strong>2</strong> items left", "Todos remaining: " + left);

  // count number of footer <li> items:
  t.equal(document.querySelectorAll('li').length, 3, "3 <li> in <footer>");

  // check footer link text and href:
  const link_text = ['All', 'Active', 'Completed'];
  const hrefs = ['#/', '#/active', '#/completed'];
  document.querySelectorAll('a').forEach(function (a, index) {
    // check link text:
    t.equal(a.textContent, link_text[index], "<footer> link #" + index
      + " is: " + a.textContent + " === " + link_text[index]);
    // check hrefs:
    t.equal(a.href.replace('about:blank', ''), hrefs[index],
    "<footer> link #" + index + " href is: " + hrefs[index]);
  });

  // check for "Clear completed" button in footer:
  const clear = document.querySelectorAll('.clear-completed')[0].textContent;
  t.equal(clear, 'Clear completed', '<button> in <footer> "Clear completed"');

  elmish.empty(document.getElementById(id)); // clear DOM ready for next test
  t.end();
});

Run this test:

node test/todo-app.test.js

you will see something like this:

render_footer Implementation

Given the docs and test above, attempt to write the render_footer function.

Note: for now we are not "concerned" with what happens when the "Clear completed" <buton> is clicked/tapped. We will "cover" that below. For now, focus on rendering the DOM.

If you get "stuck" trying to make the tests pass, first keep trying! Then "ask a friend" and finally, consult the reference implementation in: todo-app.js

For good measure, we add a second test to check our "pluarisation":

test('render_footer 1 item left (pluarisation test)', function (t) {
  const model = {
    todos: [
      { id: 1, title: "Be excellent to each other!", done: false }
    ],
    hash: '#/' // the "route" to display
  };
  // render_footer view and append it to the DOM inside the `test-app` node:
  document.getElementById(id).appendChild(app.render_footer(model));

  // todo-count should display "1 item left" (still to be done):
  const left = document.getElementById('count').innerHTML;
  t.equal(left, "<strong>1</strong> item left", "Todos remaining: " + left);

  elmish.empty(document.getElementById(id)); // clear DOM ready for next test
  t.end();
});

This test should pass without any further code needing to be written.

Once you have written the code to pass the tests, you should see something like this:

view Function

Now that we have the individual ("lower order") functions render_main #51, render_item #52, and render_footer #53 for rendering the sections of the todo app, we can write the view function to render the entire app!

With the main and footer "partial" views built, the overall view is quite simple:

To save on repetition, and illustrate just how simple the view is, this is the "HTML" with the <section class"main"> and <footer class="footer"> partials replaced by invocations to the respective functions render_main and render_footer:

<section class="todoapp">
  <header class="header">
    <h1>todos</h1>
    <input class="new-todo" placeholder="What needs to be done?" autofocus="">
  </header>
  render_main(model)
  render_footer(model)
</section>

view Acceptance Criteria

The view displays:

• [ ] <section class="todo-app"> inside which the app is rendered.
• [ ] <h1> containing the title text "todos".
• [ ] <input class="new-todo"> has placeholder text "What needs to be done?"
• [ ] <ul class="todo-list"> list of todo items has zero items by default (based on the initial_model)
• [ ] <footer> count is Zero when the app is first rendered with no todos in the model.

view JSDOC Comment Documentation

Here is a sample JSDOC comment you can add to your todo-app.js file:

/**
 * `view` renders the entire Todo List App
 * which contains count of items to (still) to be done and a `<ul>` "menu"
 * with links to filter which todo items appear in the list view.
 * @param {Object} model - the App's (current) model (or "state").
 * @return {Object} <section> DOM Tree which containing all other DOM elements.
 * @example
 * // returns <section class="todo-app"> DOM element with other DOM els nested:
 * var DOM = view(model);
 */

These should be pretty familiar to you by now. If you feel comfortable extending it with more detail, go for it!

view Tests

A sample test for the view function you can add to your test/todo-app.test.js file: (if you feel confident in your TDD skills, you could try to write your own test/assertions...)

test.only('view renders the whole todo app using "partials"', function (t) {
  // render the view and append it to the DOM inside the `test-app` node:
  document.getElementById(id).appendChild(app.view(app.model)); // initial_model

  t.equal(document.querySelectorAll('h1')[0].textContent, "todos", "<h1>todos");
  // placeholder:
  const placeholder = document.getElementById('new-todo')
    .getAttribute("placeholder");
  t.equal(placeholder, "What needs to be done?", "paceholder set on <input>");

  // todo-count should display "0 items left" (based on initial_model):
  const left = document.getElementById('count').innerHTML;
  t.equal(left, "<strong>0</strong> items left", "Todos remaining: " + left);

  elmish.empty(document.getElementById(id)); // clear DOM ready for next test
  t.end();
});

Run this test:

node test/todo-app.test.js

you will see something like this ("Red"):

view Function Implementation

You should have the knowledge & skill to write the view function and make the test pass.

If you get "stuck" trying to make the tests pass, first keep trying! Then "ask a friend" and finally, consult the reference implementation in: todo-app.js

When you run npm test you should see something like this:

Checkpoint!

So far we have made a lot of progress with our Todo List App quest, however if we were to stop working on this now we would have nothing to show a "user". Users can't interact with functions, even those with great test coverage!

What we need is to start putting all the pieces together into a functioning app!

Mount the App in index.html

Open your index.html file and ensure that the following lines are in the <body>:

<body>
  <div id="app"></div>
  <!-- CSS Styles are 100% optional. but they make it look *much* nicer -->
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="todomvc-common-base.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="todomvc-app.css">

  <script src="elmish.js"></script>
  <script src="todo-app.js"></script>
  <script>
    var model = {
      todos: [
        { id: 1, title: "Learn Elm Architecture", done: true },
        { id: 2, title: "Build Todo List App",    done: false },
        { id: 3, title: "Win the Internet!",      done: false }
      ],
      hash: '#/' // the "route" to display
    };
    mount(model, update, view, 'app');
  </script>

  <!-- Below this point is all related to the Tests for the App -->
  <div id="test-app"></div> <!-- Create a test-app div to mount the app -->
</body>

For a complete "snapshot" of the index.html file here, see: index.html

If you run the project with command npm start and navigate to: http://127.0.0.1:8000/

You should see:

So the view looks like a TodoMVC Todo List (mostly thanks to the imported CSS), however we still cannot interact with the app.

Next we're going to move to "wiring-up" the functionality to construct the UX.

Functionality - The Fun Part!

With all the "foundation" well defined and tested, we can confidently move on to building out the features people using the app will interact with!

Requirements?

Take a look at this list of test output: https://github.com/tastejs/todomvc/tree/master/tests#example-output

TodoMVC
  1. No Todos
    ✓ should hide #main and #footer (201ms)
  2. New Todo
    ✓ should allow me to add todo items (548ms)
    ✓ should clear text input field when an item is added (306ms)
    ✓ should trim text input (569ms)
    ✓ should show #main and #footer when items added (405ms)
  3. Mark all as completed
    ✓ should allow me to mark all items as completed (1040ms)
    ✓ should allow me to clear the completion state of all items (1014ms)
    ✓ complete all checkbox should update state when items are completed (1413ms)
  4. Item
    ✓ should allow me to mark items as complete (843ms)
    ✓ should allow me to un-mark items as complete (978ms)
    ✓ should allow me to edit an item (1155ms)
    ✓ should show the remove button on hover
  5. Editing
    ✓ should hide other controls when editing (718ms)
    ✓ should save edits on enter (1093ms)
    ✓ should save edits on blur (1256ms)
    ✓ should trim entered text (1163ms)
    ✓ should remove the item if an empty text string was entered (1033ms)
    ✓ should cancel edits on escape (1115ms)
  6. Counter
    ✓ should display the current number of todo items (462ms)
  7. Clear completed button
    ✓ should display the number of completed items (873ms)
    ✓ should remove completed items when clicked (898ms)
    ✓ should be hidden when there are no items that are completed (893ms)
  8. Persistence
    ✓ should persist its data (3832ms)
  9. Routing
    ✓ should allow me to display active items (871ms)
    ✓ should allow me to display completed items (960ms)
    ✓ should allow me to display all items (1192ms)
    ✓ should highlight the currently applied filter (1095ms)

27 passing (1m)

We are going to write each one of these tests and then

1. No Todos, should hide #footer and #main

Add the following test to your test/todo-app.test.js file:

test.only('1. No Todos, should hide #footer and #main', function (t) {
  // render the view and append it to the DOM inside the `test-app` node:
  document.getElementById(id).appendChild(app.view({todos: []})); // No Todos

  const main_display = window.getComputedStyle(document.getElementById('main'));
  t.equal('none', main_display._values.display, "No Todos, hide #main");

  const main_footer= window.getComputedStyle(document.getElementById('footer'));
  t.equal('none', main_footer._values.display, "No Todos, hide #footer");

  elmish.empty(document.getElementById(id)); // clear DOM ready for next test
  t.end();
});

Run the test with:

node test/todo-app.js

You should see the following output:

Make it Pass!

Simply replace the instances of "style=display: block;" in the view code with a reference to a "computed style" e.g:

// Requirement #1 - No Todos, should hide #footer and #main
var display = "style=display:"
  + (model.todos.length > 0 ? + "block" : "none");

You should see:

Testing it in your web browser you should see the desired result:

If you get stuck trying to make the test pass, see: todo-app.js

Recommended reading on CSS visibility:hidden vs. display:none the difference is important for UI: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/133051/what-is-the-difference-between-visibilityhidden-and-displaynone

2. New Todo, should allow me to add todo items

The second batch of tests involves adding a new todo item to the list:

2. New Todo
  ✓ should allow me to add todo items (548ms)
  ✓ should clear text input field when an item is added (306ms)
  ✓ should trim text input (569ms)
  ✓ should show #main and #footer when items added (405ms)

Let's create a test with these 4 assertions.

Add the following code/test to your test/todo-app.test.js file:

// Testing localStorage requires "polyfil" because:
// https://github.com/jsdom/jsdom/issues/1137 ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
// globals are usually bad! but a "necessary evil" here.
global.localStorage = global.localStorage ? global.localStorage : {
  getItem: function(key) {
   const value = this[key];
   return typeof value === 'undefined' ? null : value;
 },
 setItem: function (key, value) {
   this[key] = value;
 },
 removeItem: function (key) {
   delete this[key]
 }
}
localStorage.removeItem('elmish_store');

test('2. New Todo, should allow me to add todo items', function (t) {
  elmish.empty(document.getElementById(id));
  // render the view and append it to the DOM inside the `test-app` node:
  elmish.mount({todos: []}, app.update, app.view, id, app.subscriptions);
  const new_todo = document.getElementById('new-todo');
  // "type" content in the <input id="new-todo">:
  const todo_text = 'Make Everything Awesome!     '; // deliberate whitespace!
  new_todo.value = todo_text;
  // trigger the [Enter] keyboard key to ADD the new todo:
  new_todo.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keyup', {'keyCode': 13}));
  const items = document.querySelectorAll('.view');

  t.equal(items.length, 1, "should allow me to add todo items");
  // check if the new todo was added to the DOM:
  const actual = document.getElementById('1').textContent;
  t.equal(todo_text.trim(), actual, "should trim text input")

  // subscription keyCode trigger "branch" test (should NOT fire the signal):
  const clone = document.getElementById(id).cloneNode(true);
  new_todo.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keyup', {'keyCode': 42}));
  t.deepEqual(document.getElementById(id), clone, "#" + id + " no change");

  // check that the <input id="new-todo"> was reset after the new item was added
  t.equal(new_todo.value, '',
    "should clear text input field when an item is added")

  const main_display = window.getComputedStyle(document.getElementById('main'));
  t.equal('block', main_display._values.display,
    "should show #main and #footer when items added");
  const main_footer= window.getComputedStyle(document.getElementById('footer'));
  t.equal('block', main_footer._values.display, "item added, show #footer");

  elmish.empty(document.getElementById(id)); // clear DOM ready for next test
  localStorage.removeItem('elmish_store'); // clear "localStorage" for next test
  t.end();
});

Run the test with:

node test/todo-app.js

You should see the following output:

Todo List subscriptions

So far in the Todo List App we have not implemented any subscriptions, however, in order to "listen" for the [Enter] key "event" (to add a Todo List item), we need to dive into event listeners.

Thankfully, we touched upon this while building Elm(ish), if you need a recap, see: elmish.md#subscriptions-for-event-listeners

Try to make the "2. New Todo" batch of tests pass by creating (and exporting) a subscriptions function in your lib/todo-app.js file.

If you get "stuck", checkout the sample code: todo-app.js > subscriptions

Once you see the tests passing:

Let's add some interaction!

3. Mark all as completed

The third batch of tests involves "Toggling" all todos as "done=true":

3. Mark all as completed
  ✓ should allow me to mark all items as completed
  ✓ should allow me to clear the completion state of all items
  ✓ complete all checkbox should update state when items are completed

Luckily, given that we know how to use a boolean value, these three assertions can be "solved" with minimal code. Let's create a test with these 3 assertions.

Add the following code/test to your test/todo-app.test.js file:

test.only('3. Mark all as completed ("TOGGLE_ALL")', function (t) {
  elmish.empty(document.getElementById(id));
  localStorage.removeItem('elmish_' + id);
  const model = {
    todos: [
      { id: 0, title: "Learn Elm Architecture", done: true },
      { id: 1, title: "Build Todo List App",    done: false },
      { id: 2, title: "Win the Internet!",      done: false }
    ],
    hash: '#/' // the "route" to display
  };
  // render the view and append it to the DOM inside the `test-app` node:
  elmish.mount(model, app.update, app.view, id, app.subscriptions);
  // confirm that the ONLY the first todo item is done=true:
  const items = document.querySelectorAll('.view');

  document.querySelectorAll('.toggle').forEach(function(item, index) {
    t.equal(item.checked, model.todos[index].done,
      "Todo #" + index + " is done=" + item.checked
      + " text: " + items[index].textContent)
  })

  // click the toggle-all checkbox to trigger TOGGLE_ALL: >> true
  document.getElementById('toggle-all').click(); // click toggle-all checkbox
  document.querySelectorAll('.toggle').forEach(function(item, index) {
    t.equal(item.checked, true,
      "TOGGLE each Todo #" + index + " is done=" + item.checked
      + " text: " + items[index].textContent)
  });
  t.equal(document.getElementById('toggle-all').checked, true,
    "should allow me to mark all items as completed")


  // click the toggle-all checkbox to TOGGLE_ALL (again!) true >> false
  document.getElementById('toggle-all').click(); // click toggle-all checkbox
  document.querySelectorAll('.toggle').forEach(function(item, index) {
    t.equal(item.checked, false,
      "TOGGLE_ALL Todo #" + index + " is done=" + item.checked
      + " text: " + items[index].textContent)
  })
  t.equal(document.getElementById('toggle-all').checked, false,
    "should allow me to clear the completion state of all items")

  // *manually* "click" each todo item:
  document.querySelectorAll('.toggle').forEach(function(item, index) {
    item.click(); // this should "toggle" the todo checkbox to done=true
    t.equal(item.checked, true,
      ".toggle.click() (each) Todo #" + index + " which is done=" + item.checked
      + " text: " + items[index].textContent)
  });
  // the toggle-all checkbox should be "checked" as all todos are done=true!
  t.equal(document.getElementById('toggle-all').checked, true,
    "complete all checkbox should update state when items are completed")

  elmish.empty(document.getElementById(id)); // clear DOM ready for next test
  localStorage.removeItem('elmish_store');
  t.end();
});

Yes, it's a "big" test with several assertions. We prefer to keep them "clustered" together because they test the functionality as a "block". Some people prefer to split the assertions out into individual unit tests, our advice to the "practical developer" is: be pragmatic! If you are testing the functionality and the test is legible, there's no "harm" in having several assertions.

If you attempt to run the test file:

node test/todo-app.test.js

You will see something like this:

While there may appear to be "many" assertions in this test, in reality there are only two bits of functionality.

Firstly, we need a new case in the update switch statement: TOGGLE_ALL. and second we need to add a couple of lines to our TOGGLE block to check if all todos are done=true or done=false. In the case where all todos are done=true we should reflect this in the "state" of the toggle-all checkbox. The easiest way of representing this in the model is with a new property, e.g: model.all_done=true when all todos are done=true.

The only other thing we need to update is the render_main function to include signal('TOGGLE_ALL') in the attributes array.

Try an