Automerge

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Automerge is a library of data structures for building collaborative applications in JavaScript.

A common approach to building JavaScript apps involves keeping the state of your application in model objects, such as a JSON document. For example, imagine you are developing a task-tracking app in which each task is represented by a card. In vanilla JavaScript you might write the following:

var doc = {cards: []}

// User adds a card
doc.cards.push({title: 'Reticulate splines', done: false})

// User marks a task as done
doc.cards[0].done = true

Automerge is used in a similar way, but the big difference is that it supports automatic syncing and merging:

• You can have a copy of the application state locally on several devices (which may belong to the same user, or to different users). Each user can independently update the application state on their local device, even while offline, and save the state to local disk.

  (Similar to git, which allows you to edit files and commit changes offline.)

• When a network connection is available, Automerge figures out which changes need to be synced from one device to another, and brings them into the same state.

  (Similar to git, which lets you push your own changes, and pull changes from other developers, when you are online.)

• If the state was changed concurrently on different devices, Automerge automatically merges the changes together cleanly, so that everybody ends up in the same state, and no changes are lost.

  (Different from git: no merge conflicts to resolve!)

Features and Design Principles

• Network-agnostic. Automerge is a pure data structure library that does not care about what kind of network you use: client/server, peer-to-peer, Bluetooth, carrier pigeon, whatever, anything goes. Bindings to particular networking technologies are handled by separate libraries. For example, see MPL for an implementation that uses Automerge in a peer-to-peer model using WebRTC, and Hypermerge is a peer-to-peer networking layer that uses Hypercore, part of the Dat project.
• Immutable state. An Automerge object is an immutable snapshot of the application state at one point in time. Whenever you make a change, or merge in a change that came from the network, you get back a new state object reflecting that change. This fact makes Automerge compatible with the functional reactive programming style of Redux and Elm, for example. Internally, Automerge is built upon Facebook's Immutable.js, but the Automerge API uses regular JavaScript objects (using Object.freeze to prevent accidental mutation).
• Automatic merging. Automerge is a so-called Conflict-Free Replicated Data Type (CRDT), which allows concurrent changes on different devices to be merged automatically without requiring any central server. It is based on academic research on JSON CRDTs, but the details of the algorithm in Automerge are different from the JSON CRDT paper, and we are planning to publish more detail about it in the future.
• Fairly portable. We're not yet making an effort to support old platforms, but we have tested Automerge in Node.js, Chrome, Firefox, Safari, MS Edge, and Electron.

Setup

If you're using npm, npm install automerge. If you're using yarn, yarn add automerge. Then you can import it with require('automerge') as in the example below.

Otherwise, clone this repository, and then you can use the following commands:

• yarn install — installs dependencies.
• yarn test — runs the test suite in Node.
• yarn run browsertest — runs the test suite in web browsers.
• yarn build — creates a bundled JS file dist/automerge.js for web browsers. It includes the dependencies and is set up so that you can load through a script tag.

Example Usage

The following code samples give a quick overview of how to use Automerge. For examples of real-life applications built upon Automerge, check out:

• Trellis, a project management tool in the style of Trello.
• Pixelpusher, a pixel art editor (blog post).

// This is how you load Automerge in Node. In a browser, simply including the
// script tag will set up the Automerge object.
const Automerge = require('automerge')

// Let's say doc1 is the application state on device 1.
// Further down we'll simulate a second device.
let doc1 = Automerge.init()

// That initial state is just an empty object: {}.
// The doc1 object is immutable -- you cannot change it directly (if you try,
// you'll either get an exception or your change will be silently ignored,
// depending on your JavaScript engine). To change it, you need to call
// Automerge.change() with a callback in which you can mutate the state. You
// can also include a human-readable description of the change, like a commit
// message, which is stored in the change history (see below).

doc1 = Automerge.change(doc1, 'Initialize card list', doc => {
  doc.cards = []
})

// { cards: [] }

// To change the state, you can use the regular JavaScript array mutation
// methods such as push(). Internally, Automerge translates this mutable API
// call into an update of the immutable state object. Note that we must pass in
// doc1, and get back an updated object which we assign to the same variable
// doc1. The original document object is not modified.

doc1 = Automerge.change(doc1, 'Add card', doc => {
  doc.cards.push({title: 'Rewrite everything in Clojure', done: false})
})

// { cards: [ { title: 'Rewrite everything in Clojure', done: false } ] }

// Automerge also defines an insertAt() method for inserting a new element at a particular
// position in a list. You could equally well use splice(), if you prefer.
doc1 = Automerge.change(doc1, 'Add another card', doc => {
  doc.cards.insertAt(0, {title: 'Rewrite everything in Haskell', done: false})
})

// { cards:
//    [ { title: 'Rewrite everything in Haskell', done: false },
//      { title: 'Rewrite everything in Clojure', done: false } ] }

// Now let's simulate another device, whose application state is doc2. We
// initialise it separately, and merge doc1 into it. After merging, doc2 has
// a copy of all the cards in doc1.

let doc2 = Automerge.init()
doc2 = Automerge.merge(doc2, doc1)

// Now make a change on device 1:
doc1 = Automerge.change(doc1, 'Mark card as done', doc => {
  doc.cards[0].done = true
})

// { cards:
//    [ { title: 'Rewrite everything in Haskell', done: true },
//      { title: 'Rewrite everything in Clojure', done: false } ] }

// And, unbeknownst to device 1, also make a change on device 2:
doc2 = Automerge.change(doc2, 'Delete card', doc => {
  delete doc.cards[1]
})

// { cards: [ { title: 'Rewrite everything in Haskell', done: false } ] }

// Now comes the moment of truth. Let's merge the changes from device 2 back
// into device 1. You can also do the merge the other way round, and you'll get
// the same result. The merged result remembers that 'Rewrite everything in
// Haskell' was set to true, and that 'Rewrite everything in Clojure' was
// deleted:

let finalDoc = Automerge.merge(doc1, doc2)

// { cards: [ { title: 'Rewrite everything in Haskell', done: true } ] }

// As our final trick, we can inspect the change history. Automerge
// automatically keeps track of every change, along with the "commit message"
// that you passed to change(). When you query that history, it includes both
// changes you made locally, and also changes that came from other devices. You
// can also see a snapshot of the application state at any moment in time in the
// past. For example, we can count how many cards there were at each point:

Automerge.getHistory(finalDoc)
  .map(state => [state.change.message, state.snapshot.cards.length])
// [ [ 'Initialize card list', 0 ],
//   [ 'Add card', 1 ],
//   [ 'Add another card', 2 ],
//   [ 'Mark card as done', 2 ],
//   [ 'Delete card', 1 ] ]

Documentation

Automerge document lifecycle

Automerge.init(actorId) creates a new, empty Automerge document. You can optionally pass in an actorId, which is a string that uniquely identifies the current node; if you omit actorId, a random UUID is generated.

If you pass in your own actorId, you must ensure that there can never be two different processes with the same actor ID. Even if you have two different processes running on the same machine, they must have distinct actor IDs. Unless you know what you are doing, it is recommended that you stick with the default, and let actorId be auto-generated.

Automerge.save(doc) serializes the state of Automerge document doc to a string, which you can write to disk. The string contains an encoding of the full change history of the document (a bit like a git repository).

Automerge.load(string, actorId) unserializes an Automerge document from a string that was produced by Automerge.save(). The actorId argument is optional, and allows you to specify a string that uniquely identifies the current node, like with Automerge.init(). Unless you know what you are doing, it is recommended that you omit the actorId argument.

Manipulating and inspecting state

Automerge.change(doc, message, callback) enables you to modify an Automerge document doc. The doc object is not modified directly, since it is immutable; instead, Automerge.change() returns an updated copy of the document. The callback function is called with a mutable copy of doc, as shown below. The message argument allows you to attach an arbitrary string to the change, which is not interpreted by Automerge, but saved as part of the change history. The message argument is optional; if you want to omit it, you can simply call Automerge.change(doc, callback).

Within the callback you can use standard JavaScript object manipulation operations to change the document:

newDoc = Automerge.change(currentDoc, doc => {
  doc.property    = 'value'  // assigns a string value to a property
  doc['property'] = 'value'  // equivalent to the previous line

  delete doc['property']     // removes a property

  doc.stringValue = 'value'  // all JSON primitive datatypes are supported
  doc.numberValue = 1
  doc.boolValue = true
  doc.nullValue = null

  doc.nestedObject = {}      // creates a nested object
  doc.nestedObject.property = 'value'

  // you can also assign an object that already has some properties:
  doc.otherObject = {key: 'value', number: 42}
})

The top-level Automerge document is always an object (i.e. a mapping from properties to values). You can use arrays (lists) by assigning a JavaScript array object to a property within a document. Then you can use most of the standard Array functions to manipulate the array:

newDoc = Automerge.change(currentDoc, doc => {
  doc.list = []              // creates an empty list object
  doc.list.push(2, 3)        // push() adds elements to the end
  doc.list.unshift(0, 1)     // unshift() adds elements at the beginning
  doc.list[3] = Math.PI      // overwriting list element by index
  // now doc.list is [0, 1, 2, 3.141592653589793]

  // Looping over lists works as you'd expect:
  for (let i = 0; i < doc.list.length; i++) doc.list[i] *= 2
  // now doc.list is [0, 2, 4, 6.283185307179586]

  doc.list.insertAt(1, 'hello', 'world')  // inserts elements at given index
  doc.list.deleteAt(5)                    // deletes element at given index
  // now doc.list is [0, 'hello', 'world', 2, 4]

  doc.list.splice(2, 2, 'automerge')      // like JS standard Array.splice()
  // now doc.list is [0, 'hello', 'automerge', 4]

  doc.list[4] = {key: 'value'}  // objects can be nested inside lists as well
})

The newDoc returned by Automerge.change() is a regular JavaScript object containing all the edits you made in the callback. Any parts of the document that you didn't change are carried over unmodified. The only special things about it are:

• All objects in the document are made immutable using Object.freeze(), to ensure you don't accidentally modify them outside of an Automerge.change() callback.
• Every object has a unique ID, which you can get by passing the object to the Automerge.getObjectId() function. This ID is used by Automerge to track which object is which.
• Objects also have information about conflicts, which is used when several users make changes to the same property concurrently (see below). You can get conflicts using the Automerge.getConflicts() function.

Counters

If you have a numeric value that is only ever changed by adding or subtracting (e.g. counting how many times the user has done a particular thing), it is recommmended that you use the Automerge.Counter datatype instead of a plain number. You set it up like this:

state = Automerge.change(state, doc => {
  // The counter is initialized to 0 by default. You can pass a number to the
  // Automerge.Counter constructor if you want a different initial value.
  doc.buttonClicks = new Automerge.Counter()
})

To get the current counter value, use doc.buttonClicks.value. Whenever you want to increase or decrease the counter value, you can use the .increment() or .decrement() method:

state = Automerge.change(state, doc => {
  doc.buttonClicks.increment()  // Add 1 to counter value
  doc.buttonClicks.increment(4) // Add 4 to counter value
  doc.buttonClicks.decrement(3) // Subtract 3 from counter value
})

Using the Automerge.Counter datatype is safer than changing a number value using the ++ or += 1 operators: if several users concurrently change a Automerge.Counter value, all the changes are added up as you'd expect, whereas concurrent ++ or += 1 operations will result in conflicts that need to be resolved (see "Conflicting changes" below).

Another note: in relational databases it is common to use an auto-incrementing counter to generate primary keys for rows in a table, but this is not safe in Automerge, since several users may end up generating the same counter value! See the section "Relational table support" below for implementing a relational-like table with a primary key.

Text editing support

Automerge.Text provides experimental support for collaborative text editing. Under the hood, text is represented as a list of characters, which is edited by inserting or deleting individual characters. Compared to using a regular JavaScript array, Automerge.Text offers better performance.

(Side note: technically, text should be represented as a list of Unicode grapheme clusters. What the user thinks of as a "character" may actually be a series of several Unicode code points, including accents, diacritics, and other combining marks. A grapheme cluster is the smallest editable unit of text: that is, the thing that gets deleted if you press the delete key once, or the thing that the cursor skips over if you press the right-arrow key once. Emoji make a good test case, since many emoji consist of a sequence of several Unicode code points — for example, the skintone modifier is a combining mark.)

You can create a Text object inside a change callback. Then you can use insertAt() and deleteAt() to insert and delete characters (same API as for list modifications, shown above):

newDoc = Automerge.change(currentDoc, doc => {
  doc.text = new Automerge.Text()
  doc.text.insertAt(0, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o')
  doc.text.deleteAt(0)
  doc.text.insertAt(0, 'H')
})

To inspect a text object and render it, you can use the following methods (outside of a change callback):

newDoc.text.length   // returns 5, the number of characters
newDoc.text.get(0)   // returns 'H', the 0th character in the text
newDoc.text.join('') // returns 'Hello', the concatenation of all characters
for (let char of newDoc.text) console.log(char) // iterates over all characters

Relational table support

Automerge.Table provides a collection datatype that is similar to a table in a relational database. It is intended for a set of objects (rows) that have the same properties (columns in a relational table). Unlike a list, the objects have no order. You can scan over the objects in a table, or look up individual objects by their primary key. An Automerge document can contain as many tables as you want.

Each object is assigned a primary key (a unique ID) by Automerge. When you want to reference one object from another, it is important that you use this Automerge-generated ID; do not generate your own IDs.

You can create new tables and insert rows like this:

let database = Automerge.change(Automerge.init(), doc => {
  // When creating a table, provide a list of column names
  doc.authors = new Automerge.Table(['surname', 'forename'])
  doc.publications = new Automerge.Table(['type', 'authors', 'title', 'publisher',
                                          'edition', 'year'])

  // Automerge.Table.add() inserts a new row into the database
  // and returns the primary key (unique ID) of the new row
  const martinID = doc.authors.add({surname: 'Kleppmann', forename: 'Martin'})

  // Adding a publication that references the above author ID
  const ddia = doc.publications.add({
    type: 'book',
    authors: [martinID],
    title: 'Designing Data-Intensive Applications',
    publisher: "O'Reilly Media",
    year: 2017
  })
})

You can read the contents of a table like this:

// Array of row objects
database.publications.rows

// Array of row IDs (primary keys)
database.publications.ids

// Looking up a row by primary key
database.publications.byId('29f6cd15-61ff-460d-b7fb-39a5594f32d5')

// Number of rows in the table
database.publications.count

// Like "SELECT * FROM publications WHERE title LIKE 'Designing%'"
database.publications.filter(pub => pub.title.startsWith('Designing'))

// Like "SELECT publisher FROM publications"
database.publications.map(pub => pub.publisher)

Note that currently the Automerge.Table type does not enforce a schema; the list of columns is given because it is useful metadata, but it doesn't actually change how rows are stored. It's possible to have row objects that don't have values for all columns (e.g. in the example above, the "edition" property is not set).

Sending and receiving changes

The Automerge library itself is agnostic to the network layer — that is, you can use whatever communication mechanism you like to get changes from one node to another. There are currently a few options, with more under development:

• Use Automerge.getChanges() and Automerge.applyChanges() to manually capture changes on one node and apply them on another.
• Use Automerge.Connection, an implementation of a protocol that syncs up two nodes by determining missing changes and sending them to each other.
• Use MPL, which runs the Automerge.Connection protocol over WebRTC.

The getChanges()/applyChanges() API works as follows:

// On one node
newDoc = Automerge.change(currentDoc, doc => {
  // make arbitrary change to the document
})
let changes = Automerge.getChanges(currentDoc, newDoc)
network.broadcast(JSON.stringify(changes))

// On another node
let changes = JSON.parse(network.receive())
newDoc = Automerge.applyChanges(currentDoc, changes)

Note that Automerge.getChanges(oldDoc, newDoc) takes two documents as arguments: an old state and a new state. It then returns a list of all the changes that were made in newDoc since oldDoc. If you want a list of all the changes ever made in newDoc, you can call Automerge.getChanges(Automerge.init(), newDoc).

The counterpart, Automerge.applyChanges(oldDoc, changes) applies the list of changes to the given document, and returns a new document with those changes applied. Automerge guarantees that whenever any two documents have applied the same set of changes — even if the changes were applied in a different order — then those two documents are equal. That property is called convergence, and it is the essence of what Automerge is all about.

Automerge.merge(doc1, doc2) is a related function that is useful for testing. It looks for any changes that appear in doc2 but not in doc1, and applies them to doc1, returning an updated version of doc1. This function requires that doc1 and doc2 have different actor IDs (that is, they originated from different calls to Automerge.init()). See the Example Usage section above for an example using Automerge.merge().

Conflicting changes

Automerge allows different nodes to independently make arbitrary changes to their respective copies of a document. In most cases, those changes can be combined without any trouble. For example, if users modify two different objects, or two different properties in the same object, then it is straightforward to combine those changes.

If users concurrently insert or delete items in a list (or characters in a text document), Automerge preserves all the insertions and deletions. If two users concurrently insert at the same position, Automerge will arbitrarily place one of the insertions first and the other second, while ensuring that the final order is the same on all nodes.

The only case Automerge cannot handle automatically, because there is no well-defined resolution, is when users concurrently update the same property in the same object (or, similarly, the same index in the same list). In this case, Automerge arbitrarily picks one of the concurrently written values as the "winner":

let doc1 = Automerge.change(Automerge.init(), doc => { doc.x = 1 })
let doc2 = Automerge.change(Automerge.init(), doc => { doc.x = 2 })
doc1 = Automerge.merge(doc1, doc2)
doc2 = Automerge.merge(doc2, doc1)
// Now, doc1 might be either {x: 1} or {x: 2} -- the choice is random.
// However, doc2 will be the same, whichever value is chosen as winner.

Although only one of the concurrently written values shows up in the object, the other values are not lost. They are merely relegated to a conflicts object:

doc1 // {x: 2}
doc2 // {x: 2}
Automerge.getConflicts(doc1, 'x') // {'0506162a-ac6e-4567-bc16-a12618b71940': 1}
Automerge.getConflicts(doc2, 'x') // {'0506162a-ac6e-4567-bc16-a12618b71940': 1}

Here, the conflicts object contains the property x, which matches the name of the property on which the concurrent assignments happened. The nested key 0506162a-ac6e-4567-bc16-a12618b71940 is the actor ID that performed the assignment, and the associated value is the value it assigned to the property x. You might use the information in the conflicts object to show the conflict in the user interface.

The next time you assign to a conflicting property, the conflict is automatically considered to be resolved, and the conflict disappears from the object returned by Automerge.getConflicts().

Undo and Redo

Automerge makes it easy to support an undo/redo feature in your application. Note that undo is a somewhat tricky concept in a collaborative application! Here, "undo" is taken as meaning "what the user expects to happen when they hit Ctrl-Z/Cmd-Z". In particular, the undo feature undoes the most recent change by the local user; it cannot currently be used to revert changes made by other users.

Moreover, undo is not the same as jumping back to a previous version of a document; see the next section on how to examine document history. Undo works by applying the inverse operation of the local user's most recent change, and redo works by applying the inverse of the inverse. Both undo and redo create new changes, so from other users' point of view, an undo or redo looks the same as any other kind of change.

To check whether undo is currently available, use the function Automerge.canUndo(doc). It returns true if the local user has made any changes since the document was created or loaded. You can then call Automerge.undo(doc) to perform an undo. The functions canRedo() and redo() do the inverse:

let doc = Automerge.change(Automerge.init(), doc => { doc.birds = [] })
doc = Automerge.change(doc, doc => { doc.birds.push('blackbird') })
doc = Automerge.change(doc, doc => { doc.birds.push('robin') })
// now doc is {birds: ['blackbird', 'robin']}

Automerge.canUndo(doc)    // returns true
doc = Automerge.undo(doc) // now doc is {birds: ['blackbird']}
doc = Automerge.undo(doc) // now doc is {birds: []}
doc = Automerge.redo(doc) // now doc is {birds: ['blackbird']}
doc = Automerge.redo(doc) // now doc is {birds: ['blackbird', 'robin']}

You can pass an optional message as second argument to Automerge.undo(doc, message) and Automerge.redo(doc, message). This string is used as "commit message" that describes the undo/redo change, and it appears in the change history (see next section).

Examining document history

An Automerge document internally saves a complete history of all the changes that were ever made to it. This enables a nice feature: looking at the document state at past points in time, a.k.a. time travel!

Automerge.getHistory(doc) returns a list of all edits made to a document. Each edit is an object with two properties: change is the internal representation of the change (in the same form as Automerge.getChanges() returns), and snapshot is the state of the document at the moment just after that change had been applied.

Automerge.getHistory(doc2)
// [ { change: { message: 'Set x to 1', ... }, snapshot: { x: 1 } },
//   { change: { message: 'Set x to 2', ... }, snapshot: { x: 2 } } ]

Within the change object, the property message is set to the free-form "commit message" that was passed in as second argument to Automerge.change() (if any). The rest of the change object is specific to Automerge implementation details, and normally shouldn't need to be interpreted.

If you want to find out what actually changed in a particular edit, rather than inspecting the change object, it is better to use Automerge.diff(oldDoc, newDoc). This function returns a list of edits that were made in document newDoc since its prior version oldDoc. You can pass in snapshots returned by Automerge.getHistory() in order to determine differences between historic versions.

The data returned by Automerge.diff() has the following form:

let history = Automerge.getHistory(doc2)
Automerge.diff(history[2].snapshot, doc2) // get all changes since history[2]
// [ { action: 'set', type: 'map', obj: '...', key: 'x', value: 1 },
//   { action: 'set', type: 'map', obj: '...', key: 'x', value: 2 } ]

In the objects returned by Automerge.diff(), obj indicates the object ID of the object being edited (the same as returned by Automerge.getObjectId()), and type indicates whether that object is a map, list, or text.

The available values for action depend on the type of object. For type: 'map', the possible actions are:

• action: 'set': Then the property key is the name of the property being updated. If the value assigned to the property is a primitive (string, number, boolean, null), then value contains that value. If the assigned value is an object (map, list, or text), then value contains the ID of that object, and additionally the property link: true is set. Moreover, if this assignment caused conflicts, then the conflicting values are additionally contained in a conflicts property.
• action: 'remove': Then the property key is the name of the property being removed.

For type: 'list' and type: 'text', the possible actions are:

• action: 'insert': Then the property index contains the list index at which a new element is being inserted, and value contains the value inserted there. If the inserted value is an object, the value property contains its ID, and the property link: true is set.
• action: 'set': Then the property index contains the list index to which a new value is being assigned, and value contains that value. If the assigned value is an object, the value property contains its ID, and the property link: true is set.
• action: 'remove': Then the property index contains the list index that is being removed from the list.

Caveats

The project currently has a number of limitations that you should be aware of:

• No integrity checking: if a buggy (or malicious) device makes corrupted edits, it can cause the application state on other devices to become corrupted or go out of sync.
• No security: there is currently no encryption, authentication, or access control.
• Small number of collaborators: Automerge is designed for small-group collaborations. While there is no hard limit on the number of devices that can update a document, performance will degrade if you go beyond, say, 100 devices or so.
• ...and more, see the open issues.

Meta

Copyright 2017, Ink & Switch LLC, and University of Cambridge. Released under the terms of the MIT license (see LICENSE).

Created by Martin Kleppmann, Orion Henry, Peter van Hardenberg, Roshan Choxi, and Adam Wiggins.