@zibuthe7j11/alias-quasi-in

v1.0.0

Published

7 months ago

*A mostly reasonable approach to JavaScript*

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Airbnb JavaScript Style Guide() {

A mostly reasonable approach to JavaScript

Note: this guide assumes you are using Babel, and requires that you use babel-preset-airbnb or the equivalent. It also assumes you are installing shims/polyfills in your app, with airbnb-browser-shims or the equivalent.

This guide is available in other languages too. See Translation

Other Style Guides

Types

1.1 Primitives: When you access a primitive type you work directly on its value.
- string
- number
- boolean
- null
- undefined
- symbol
- bigint
```
const foo = 1;
let bar = foo;

bar = 9;

console.log(foo, bar); // => 1, 9
```
- Symbols and BigInts cannot be faithfully polyfilled, so they should not be used when targeting browsers/environments that don’t support them natively.

1.2 Complex: When you access a complex type you work on a reference to its value.
- object
- array
- function
```
const foo = [1, 2];
const bar = foo;

bar[0] = 9;

console.log(foo[0], bar[0]); // => 9, 9
```

⬆ back to top

References

2.1 Use const for all of your references; avoid using var. eslint: prefer-const, no-const-assign
Why? This ensures that you can’t reassign your references, which can lead to bugs and difficult to comprehend code.
```
// bad
var a = 1;
var b = 2;

// good
const a = 1;
const b = 2;
```

2.2 If you must reassign references, use let instead of var. eslint: no-var
Why? let is block-scoped rather than function-scoped like var.
```
// bad
var count = 1;
if (true) {
  count += 1;
}

// good, use the let.
let count = 1;
if (true) {
  count += 1;
}
```

2.3 Note that both let and const are block-scoped, whereas var is function-scoped.
```
// const and let only exist in the blocks they are defined in.
{
  let a = 1;
  const b = 1;
  var c = 1;
}
console.log(a); // ReferenceError
console.log(b); // ReferenceError
console.log(c); // Prints 1
```
In the above code, you can see that referencing a and b will produce a ReferenceError, while c contains the number. This is because a and b are block scoped, while c is scoped to the containing function.

⬆ back to top

Objects

3.1 Use the literal syntax for object creation. eslint: no-new-object
```
// bad
const item = new Object();

// good
const item = {};
```

3.2 Use computed property names when creating objects with dynamic property names.

Why? They allow you to define all the properties of an object in one place.


function getKey(k) {
  return `a key named ${k}`;
}

// bad
const obj = {
  id: 5,
  name: 'San Francisco',
};
obj[getKey('enabled')] = true;

// good
const obj = {
  id: 5,
  name: 'San Francisco',
  [getKey('enabled')]: true,
};

3.3 Use object method shorthand. eslint: object-shorthand

// bad
const atom = {
  value: 1,

  addValue: function (value) {
    return atom.value + value;
  },
};

// good
const atom = {
  value: 1,

  addValue(value) {
    return atom.value + value;
  },
};

3.4 Use property value shorthand. eslint: object-shorthand

Why? It is shorter and descriptive.

const lukeSkywalker = 'Luke Skywalker';

// bad
const obj = {
  lukeSkywalker: lukeSkywalker,
};

// good
const obj = {
  lukeSkywalker,
};

3.5 Group your shorthand properties at the beginning of your object declaration.

Why? It’s easier to tell which properties are using the shorthand.

const anakinSkywalker = 'Anakin Skywalker';
const lukeSkywalker = 'Luke Skywalker';

// bad
const obj = {
  episodeOne: 1,
  twoJediWalkIntoACantina: 2,
  lukeSkywalker,
  episodeThree: 3,
  mayTheFourth: 4,
  anakinSkywalker,
};

// good
const obj = {
  lukeSkywalker,
  anakinSkywalker,
  episodeOne: 1,
  twoJediWalkIntoACantina: 2,
  episodeThree: 3,
  mayTheFourth: 4,
};

3.6 Only quote properties that are invalid identifiers. eslint: quote-props
Why? In general we consider it subjectively easier to read. It improves syntax highlighting, and is also more easily optimized by many JS engines.
```
// bad
const bad = {
  'foo': 3,
  'bar': 4,
  'data-blah': 5,
};

// good
const good = {
  foo: 3,
  bar: 4,
  'data-blah': 5,
};
```

3.7 Do not call Object.prototype methods directly, such as hasOwnProperty, propertyIsEnumerable, and isPrototypeOf. eslint: no-prototype-builtins

Why? These methods may be shadowed by properties on the object in question - consider { hasOwnProperty: false } - or, the object may be a null object (Object.create(null)). In modern browsers that support ES2022, or with a polyfill such as https://npmjs.com/object.hasown, Object.hasOwn can also be used as an alternative to Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call.

// bad
console.log(object.hasOwnProperty(key));

// good
console.log(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(object, key));

// better
const has = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty; // cache the lookup once, in module scope.
console.log(has.call(object, key));

// best
console.log(Object.hasOwn(object, key)); // only supported in browsers that support ES2022

/* or */
import has from 'has'; // https://www.npmjs.com/package/has
console.log(has(object, key));
/* or */
console.log(Object.hasOwn(object, key)); // https://www.npmjs.com/package/object.hasown

3.8 Prefer the object spread syntax over Object.assign to shallow-copy objects. Use the object rest parameter syntax to get a new object with certain properties omitted. eslint: prefer-object-spread

// very bad
const original = { a: 1, b: 2 };
const copy = Object.assign(original, { c: 3 }); // this mutates `original` ಠ_ಠ
delete copy.a; // so does this

// bad
const original = { a: 1, b: 2 };
const copy = Object.assign({}, original, { c: 3 }); // copy => { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }

// good
const original = { a: 1, b: 2 };
const copy = { ...original, c: 3 }; // copy => { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }

const { a, ...noA } = copy; // noA => { b: 2, c: 3 }

⬆ back to top

Arrays

4.1 Use the literal syntax for array creation. eslint: no-array-constructor
```
// bad
const items = new Array();

// good
const items = [];
```

4.2 Use Array#push instead of direct assignment to add items to an array.

const someStack = [];

// bad
someStack[someStack.length] = 'abracadabra';

// good
someStack.push('abracadabra');

4.3 Use array spreads ... to copy arrays.

// bad
const len = items.length;
const itemsCopy = [];
let i;

for (i = 0; i < len; i += 1) {
  itemsCopy[i] = items[i];
}

// good
const itemsCopy = [...items];

4.4 To convert an iterable object to an array, use spreads ... instead of Array.from

const foo = document.querySelectorAll('.foo');

// good
const nodes = Array.from(foo);

// best
const nodes = [...foo];

4.5 Use Array.from for converting an array-like object to an array.

const arrLike = { 0: 'foo', 1: 'bar', 2: 'baz', length: 3 };

// bad
const arr = Array.prototype.slice.call(arrLike);

// good
const arr = Array.from(arrLike);

4.6 Use Array.from instead of spread ... for mapping over iterables, because it avoids creating an intermediate array.
```
// bad
const baz = [...foo].map(bar);

// good
const baz = Array.from(foo, bar);
```

4.7 Use return statements in array method callbacks. It’s ok to omit the return if the function body consists of a single statement returning an expression without side effects, following 8.2. eslint: array-callback-return

// good
[1, 2, 3].map((x) => {
  const y = x + 1;
  return x * y;
});

// good
[1, 2, 3].map((x) => x + 1);

// bad - no returned value means `acc` becomes undefined after the first iteration
[[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]].reduce((acc, item, index) => {
  const flatten = acc.concat(item);
});

// good
[[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]].reduce((acc, item, index) => {
  const flatten = acc.concat(item);
  return flatten;
});

// bad
inbox.filter((msg) => {
  const { subject, author } = msg;
  if (subject === 'Mockingbird') {
    return author === 'Harper Lee';
  } else {
    return false;
  }
});

// good
inbox.filter((msg) => {
  const { subject, author } = msg;
  if (subject === 'Mockingbird') {
    return author === 'Harper Lee';
  }

  return false;
});

4.8 Use line breaks after opening array brackets and before closing array brackets, if an array has multiple lines

// bad
const arr = [
  [0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5],
];

const objectInArray = [{
  id: 1,
}, {
  id: 2,
}];

const numberInArray = [
  1, 2,
];

// good
const arr = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];

const objectInArray = [
  {
    id: 1,
  },
  {
    id: 2,
  },
];

const numberInArray = [
  1,
  2,
];

⬆ back to top

Destructuring

5.1 Use object destructuring when accessing and using multiple properties of an object. eslint: prefer-destructuring
Why? Destructuring saves you from creating temporary references for those properties, and from repetitive access of the object. Repeating object access creates more repetitive code, requires more reading, and creates more opportunities for mistakes. Destructuring objects also provides a single site of definition of the object structure that is used in the block, rather than requiring reading the entire block to determine what is used.
```
// bad
function getFullName(user) {
  const firstName = user.firstName;
  const lastName = user.lastName;

  return `${firstName} ${lastName}`;
}

// good
function getFullName(user) {
  const { firstName, lastName } = user;
  return `${firstName} ${lastName}`;
}

// best
function getFullName({ firstName, lastName }) {
  return `${firstName} ${lastName}`;
}
```

5.2 Use array destructuring. eslint: prefer-destructuring

const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4];

// bad
const first = arr[0];
const second = arr[1];

// good
const [first, second] = arr;

5.3 Use object destructuring for multiple return values, not array destructuring.

Why? You can add new properties over time or change the order of things without breaking call sites.

// bad
function processInput(input) {
  // then a miracle occurs
  return [left, right, top, bottom];
}

// the caller needs to think about the order of return data
const [left, __, top] = processInput(input);

// good
function processInput(input) {
  // then a miracle occurs
  return { left, right, top, bottom };
}

// the caller selects only the data they need
const { left, top } = processInput(input);

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Strings

6.1 Use single quotes '' for strings. eslint: quotes

// bad
const name = "Capt. Janeway";

// bad - template literals should contain interpolation or newlines
const name = `Capt. Janeway`;

// good
const name = 'Capt. Janeway';

6.2 Strings that cause the line to go over 100 characters should not be written across multiple lines using string concatenation.

Why? Broken strings are painful to work with and make code less searchable.

// bad
const errorMessage = 'This is a super long error that was thrown because \
of Batman. When you stop to think about how Batman had anything to do \
with this, you would get nowhere \
fast.';

// bad
const errorMessage = 'This is a super long error that was thrown because ' +
  'of Batman. When you stop to think about how Batman had anything to do ' +
  'with this, you would get nowhere fast.';

// good
const errorMessage = 'This is a super long error that was thrown because of Batman. When you stop to think about how Batman had anything to do with this, you would get nowhere fast.';

6.3 When programmatically building up strings, use template strings instead of concatenation. eslint: prefer-template template-curly-spacing

Why? Template strings give you a readable, concise syntax with proper newlines and string interpolation features.

// bad
function sayHi(name) {
  return 'How are you, ' + name + '?';
}

// bad
function sayHi(name) {
  return ['How are you, ', name, '?'].join();
}

// bad
function sayHi(name) {
  return `How are you, ${ name }?`;
}

// good
function sayHi(name) {
  return `How are you, ${name}?`;
}

6.4 Never use eval() on a string; it opens too many vulnerabilities. eslint: no-eval

6.5 Do not unnecessarily escape characters in strings. eslint: no-useless-escape
Why? Backslashes harm readability, thus they should only be present when necessary.
```
// bad
const foo = '\'this\' \i\s \"quoted\"';

// good
const foo = '\'this\' is "quoted"';
const foo = `my name is '${name}'`;
```

⬆ back to top

Functions

7.1 Use named function expressions instead of function declarations. eslint: func-style, func-names
Why? Function declarations are hoisted, which means that it’s easy - too easy - to reference the function before it is defined in the file. This harms readability and maintainability. If you find that a function’s definition is large or complex enough that it is interfering with understanding the rest of the file, then perhaps it’s time to extract it to its own module! Don’t forget to explicitly name the expression, regardless of whether or not the name is inferred from the containing variable (which is often the case in modern browsers or when using compilers such as Babel). This eliminates any assumptions made about the Error’s call stack. (Discussion)
```
// bad
function foo() {
  // ...
}

// bad
const foo = function () {
  // ...
};

// good
// lexical name distinguished from the variable-referenced invocation(s)
const short = function longUniqueMoreDescriptiveLexicalFoo() {
  // ...
};
```

7.2 Wrap immediately invoked function expressions in parentheses. eslint: wrap-iife
Why? An immediately invoked function expression is a single unit - wrapping both it, and its invocation parens, in parens, cleanly expresses this. Note that in a world with modules everywhere, you almost never need an IIFE.
```
// immediately-invoked function expression (IIFE)
(function () {
  console.log('Welcome to the Internet. Please follow me.');
}());
```

7.3 Never declare a function in a non-function block (if, while, etc). Assign the function to a variable instead. Browsers will allow you to do it, but they all interpret it differently, which is bad news bears. eslint: no-loop-func

7.4 Note: ECMA-262 defines a block as a list of statements. A function declaration is not a statement.

// bad
if (currentUser) {
  function test() {
    console.log('Nope.');
  }
}

// good
let test;
if (currentUser) {
  test = () => {
    console.log('Yup.');
  };
}

7.5 Never name a parameter arguments. This will take precedence over the arguments object that is given to every function scope.
```
// bad
function foo(name, options, arguments) {
  // ...
}

// good
function foo(name, options, args) {
  // ...
}
```

7.6 Never use arguments, opt to use rest syntax ... instead. eslint: prefer-rest-params
Why? ... is explicit about which arguments you want pulled. Plus, rest arguments are a real Array, and not merely Array-like like arguments.
```
// bad
function concatenateAll() {
  const args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
  return args.join('');
}

// good
function concatenateAll(...args) {
  return args.join('');
}
```

7.7 Use default parameter syntax rather than mutating function arguments.

// really bad
function handleThings(opts) {
  // No! We shouldn’t mutate function arguments.
  // Double bad: if opts is falsy it'll be set to an object which may
  // be what you want but it can introduce subtle bugs.
  opts = opts || {};
  // ...
}

// still bad
function handleThings(opts) {
  if (opts === void 0) {
    opts = {};
  }
  // ...
}

// good
function handleThings(opts = {}) {
  // ...
}

7.8 Avoid side effects with default parameters.

Why? They are confusing to reason about.

let b = 1;
// bad
function count(a = b++) {
  console.log(a);
}
count();  // 1
count();  // 2
count(3); // 3
count();  // 3

7.9 Always put default parameters last. eslint: default-param-last

// bad
function handleThings(opts = {}, name) {
  // ...
}

// good
function handleThings(name, opts = {}) {
  // ...
}

7.10 Never use the Function constructor to create a new function. eslint: no-new-func
Why? Creating a function in this way evaluates a string similarly to eval(), which opens vulnerabilities.
```
// bad
const add = new Function('a', 'b', 'return a + b');

// still bad
const subtract = Function('a', 'b', 'return a - b');
```

7.11 Spacing in a function signature. eslint: space-before-function-paren space-before-blocks
Why? Consistency is good, and you shouldn’t have to add or remove a space when adding or removing a name.
```
// bad
const f = function(){};
const g = function (){};
const h = function() {};

// good
const x = function () {};
const y = function a() {};
```

7.12 Never mutate parameters. eslint: no-param-reassign
Why? Manipulating objects passed in as parameters can cause unwanted variable side effects in the original caller.
```
// bad
function f1(obj) {
  obj.key = 1;
}

// good
function f2(obj) {
  const key = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, 'key') ? obj.key : 1;
}
```

7.13 Never reassign parameters. eslint: no-param-reassign
Why? Reassigning parameters can lead to unexpected behavior, especially when accessing the arguments object. It can also cause optimization issues, especially in V8.
```
// bad
function f1(a) {
  a = 1;
  // ...
}

function f2(a) {
  if (!a) { a = 1; }
  // ...
}

// good
function f3(a) {
  const b = a || 1;
  // ...
}

function f4(a = 1) {
  // ...
}
```

7.14 Prefer the use of the spread syntax ... to call variadic functions. eslint: prefer-spread

Why? It’s cleaner, you don’t need to supply a context, and you can not easily compose new with apply.

// bad
const x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
console.log.apply(console, x);

// good
const x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
console.log(...x);

// bad
new (Function.prototype.bind.apply(Date, [null, 2016, 8, 5]));

// good
new Date(...[2016, 8, 5]);

7.15 Functions with multiline signatures, or invocations, should be indented just like every other multiline list in this guide: with each item on a line by itself, with a trailing comma on the last item. eslint: function-paren-newline
```
// bad
function foo(bar,
             baz,
             quux) {
  // ...
}

// good
function foo(
  bar,
  baz,
  quux,
) {
  // ...
}

// bad
console.log(foo,
  bar,
  baz);

// good
console.log(
  foo,
  bar,
  baz,
);
```

⬆ back to top

Arrow Functions

8.1 When you must use an anonymous function (as when passing an inline callback), use arrow function notation. eslint: prefer-arrow-callback, arrow-spacing
Why? It creates a version of the function that executes in the context of this, which is usually what you want, and is a more concise syntax.
Why not? If you have a fairly complicated function, you might move that logic out into its own named function expression.
```
// bad
[1, 2, 3].map(function (x) {
  const y = x + 1;
  return x * y;
});

// good
[1, 2, 3].map((x) => {
  const y = x + 1;
  return x * y;
});
```

8.2 If the function body consists of a single statement returning an expression without side effects, omit the braces and use the implicit return. Otherwise, keep the braces and use a return statement. eslint: arrow-parens, arrow-body-style

Why? Syntactic sugar. It reads well when multiple functions are chained together.

// bad
[1, 2, 3].map((number) => {
  const nextNumber = number + 1;
  `A string containing the ${nextNumber}.`;
});

// good
[1, 2, 3].map((number) => `A string containing the ${number + 1}.`);

// good
[1, 2, 3].map((number) => {
  const nextNumber = number + 1;
  return `A string containing the ${nextNumber}.`;
});

// good
[1, 2, 3].map((number, index) => ({
  [index]: number,
}));

// No implicit return with side effects
function foo(callback) {
  const val = callback();
  if (val === true) {
    // Do something if callback returns true
  }
}

let bool = false;

// bad
foo(() => bool = true);

// good
foo(() => {
  bool = true;
});

8.3 In case the expression spans over multiple lines, wrap it in parentheses for better readability.

Why? It shows clearly where the function starts and ends.

// bad
['get', 'post', 'put'].map((httpMethod) => Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(
    httpMagicObjectWithAVeryLongName,
    httpMethod,
  )
);

// good
['get', 'post', 'put'].map((httpMethod) => (
  Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(
    httpMagicObjectWithAVeryLongName,
    httpMethod,
  )
));

8.4 Always include parentheses around arguments for clarity and consistency. eslint: arrow-parens

Why? Minimizes diff churn when adding or removing arguments.

// bad
[1, 2, 3].map(x => x * x);

// good
[1, 2, 3].map((x) => x * x);

// bad
[1, 2, 3].map(number => (
  `A long string with the ${number}. It’s so long that we don’t want it to take up space on the .map line!`
));

// good
[1, 2, 3].map((number) => (
  `A long string with the ${number}. It’s so long that we don’t want it to take up space on the .map line!`
));

// bad
[1, 2, 3].map(x => {
  const y = x + 1;
  return x * y;
});

// good
[1, 2, 3].map((x) => {
  const y = x + 1;
  return x * y;
});

8.5 Avoid confusing arrow function syntax (=>) with comparison operators (<=, >=). eslint: no-confusing-arrow

// bad
const itemHeight = (item) => item.height <= 256 ? item.largeSize : item.smallSize;

// bad
const itemHeight = (item) => item.height >= 256 ? item.largeSize : item.smallSize;

// good
const itemHeight = (item) => (item.height <= 256 ? item.largeSize : item.smallSize);

// good
const itemHeight = (item) => {
  const { height, largeSize, smallSize } = item;
  return height <= 256 ? largeSize : smallSize;
};

8.6 Enforce the location of arrow function bodies with implicit returns. eslint: implicit-arrow-linebreak
```
// bad
(foo) =>
  bar;

(foo) =>
  (bar);

// good
(foo) => bar;
(foo) => (bar);
(foo) => (
   bar
)
```

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Classes & Constructors

9.1 Always use class. Avoid manipulating prototype directly.

Why? class syntax is more concise and easier to reason about.

// bad
function Queue(contents = []) {
  this.queue = [...contents];
}
Queue.prototype.pop = function () {
  const value = this.queue[0];
  this.queue.splice(0, 1);
  return value;
};

// good
class Queue {
  constructor(contents = []) {
    this.queue = [...contents];
  }
  pop() {
    const value = this.queue[0];
    this.queue.splice(0, 1);
    return value;
  }
}

9.2 Use extends for inheritance.

Why? It is a built-in way to inherit prototype functionality without breaking instanceof.

// bad
const inherits = require('inherits');
function PeekableQueue(contents) {
  Queue.apply(this, contents);
}
inherits(PeekableQueue, Queue);
PeekableQueue.prototype.peek = function () {
  return this.queue[0];
};

// good
class PeekableQueue extends Queue {
  peek() {
    return this.queue[0];
  }
}

9.3 Methods can return this to help with method chaining.

// bad
Jedi.prototype.jump = function () {
  this.jumping = true;
  return true;
};

Jedi.prototype.setHeight = function (height) {
  this.height = height;
};

const luke = new Jedi();
luke.jump(); // => true
luke.setHeight(20); // => undefined

// good
class Jedi {
  jump() {
    this.jumping = true;
    return this;
  }

  setHeight(height) {
    this.height = height;
    return this;
  }
}

const luke = new Jedi();

luke.jump()
  .setHeight(20);

9.4 It’s okay to write a custom toString() method, just make sure it works successfully and causes no side effects.

class Jedi {
  constructor(options = {}) {
    this.name = options.name || 'no name';
  }

  getName() {
    return this.name;
  }

  toString() {
    return `Jedi - ${this.getName()}`;
  }
}

9.5 Classes have a default constructor if one is not specified. An empty constructor function or one that just delegates to a parent class is unnecessary. eslint: no-useless-constructor

// bad
class Jedi {
  constructor() {}

  getName() {
    return this.name;
  }
}

// bad
class Rey extends Jedi {
  constructor(...args) {
    super(...args);
  }
}

// good
class Rey extends Jedi {
  constructor(...args) {
    super(...args);
    this.name = 'Rey';
  }
}

9.6 Avoid duplicate class members. eslint: no-dupe-class-members
Why? Duplicate class member declarations will silently prefer the last one - having duplicates is almost certainly a bug.
```
// bad
class Foo {
  bar() { return 1; }
  bar() { return 2; }
}

// good
class Foo {
  bar() { return 1; }
}

// good
class Foo {
  bar() { return 2; }
}
```

9.7 Class methods should use this or be made into a static method unless an external library or framework requires using specific non-static methods. Being an instance method should indicate that it behaves differently based on properties of the receiver. eslint: class-methods-use-this

// bad
class Foo {
  bar() {
    console.log('bar');
  }
}

// good - this is used
class Foo {
  bar() {
    console.log(this.bar);
  }
}

// good - constructor is exempt
class Foo {
  constructor() {
    // ...
  }
}

// good - static methods aren't expected to use this
class Foo {
  static bar() {
    console.log('bar');
  }
}

⬆ back to top

Modules

10.1 Always use modules (import/export) over a non-standard module system. You can always transpile to your preferred module system.

Why? Modules are the future, let’s start using the future now.

// bad
const AirbnbStyleGuide = require('./AirbnbStyleGuide');
module.exports = AirbnbStyleGuide.es6;

// ok
import AirbnbStyleGuide from './AirbnbStyleGuide';
export default AirbnbStyleGuide.es6;

// best
import { es6 } from './AirbnbStyleGuide';
export default es6;

10.2 Do not use wildcard imports.

Why? This makes sure you have a single default export.

// bad
import * as AirbnbStyleGuide from './AirbnbStyleGuide';

// good
import AirbnbStyleGuide from './AirbnbStyleGuide';

10.3 And do not export directly from an import.
Why? Although the one-liner is concise, having one clear way to import and one clear way to export makes things consistent.
```
// bad
// filename es6.js
export { es6 as default } from './AirbnbStyleGuide';

// good
// filename es6.js
import { es6 } from './AirbnbStyleGuide';
export default es6;
```

10.4 Only import from a path in one place. eslint: no-duplicate-imports

Why? Having multiple lines that import from the same path can make code harder to maintain.

// bad
import foo from 'foo';
// … some other imports … //
import { named1, named2 } from 'foo';

// good
import foo, { named1, named2 } from 'foo';

// good
import foo, {
  named1,
  named2,
} from 'foo';

10.5 Do not export mutable bindings. eslint: import/no-mutable-exports
Why? Mutation should be avoided in general, but in particular when exporting mutable bindings. While this technique may be needed for some special cases, in general, only constant references should be exported.
```
// bad
let foo = 3;
export { foo };

// good
const foo = 3;
export { foo };
```

10.6 In modules with a single export, prefer default export over named export. eslint: import/prefer-default-export
Why? To encourage more files that only ever export one thing, which is better for readability and maintainability.
```
// bad
export function foo() {}

// good
export default function foo() {}
```

10.7 Put all imports above non-import statements. eslint: import/first
Why? Since imports are hoisted, keeping them all at the top prevents surprising behavior.
```
// bad
import foo from 'foo';
foo.init();

import bar from 'bar';

// good
import foo from 'foo';
import bar from 'bar';

foo.init();
```

10.8 Multiline imports should be indented just like multiline array and object literals. eslint: object-curly-newline
Why? The curly braces follow the same indentation rules as every other curly brace block in the style guide, as do the trailing commas.
```
// bad
import {longNameA, longNameB, longNameC, longNameD, longNameE} from 'path';

// good
import {
  longNameA,
  longNameB,
  longNameC,
  longNameD,
  longNameE,
} from 'path';
```

10.9 Disallow Webpack loader syntax in module import statements. eslint: import/no-webpack-loader-syntax
Why? Since using Webpack syntax in the imports couples the code to a module bundler. Prefer using the loader syntax in webpack.config.js.
```
// bad
import fooSass from 'css!sass!foo.scss';
import barCss from 'style!css!bar.css';

// good
import fooSass from 'foo.scss';
import barCss from 'bar.css';
```

10.10 Do not include JavaScript filename extensions eslint: import/extensions
Why? Including extensions inhibits refactoring, and inappropriately hardcodes implementation details of the module you're importing in every consumer.
```
// bad
import foo from './foo.js';
import bar from './bar.jsx';
import baz from './baz/index.jsx';

// good
import foo from './foo';
import bar from './bar';
import baz from './baz';
```

⬆ back to top

Iterators and Generators

11.1 Don’t use iterators. Prefer JavaScript’s higher-order functions instead of loops like for-in or for-of. eslint: no-iterator no-restricted-syntax

Why? This enforces our immutable rule. Dealing with pure functions that return values is easier to reason about than side effects.

Use map() / every() / filter() / find() / findIndex() / reduce() / some() / ... to iterate over arrays, and Object.keys() / Object.values() / Object.entries() to produce arrays so you can iterate over objects.

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

// bad
let sum = 0;
for (let num of numbers) {
  sum += num;
}
sum === 15;

// good
let sum = 0;
numbers.forEach((num) => {
  sum += num;
});
sum === 15;

// best (use the functional force)
const sum = numbers.reduce((total, num) => total + num, 0);
sum === 15;

// bad
const increasedByOne = [];
for (let i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
  increasedByOne.push(numbers[i] + 1);
}

// good
const increasedByOne = [];
numbers.forEach((num) => {
  increasedByOne.push(num + 1);
});

// best (keeping it functional)
const increasedByOne = numbers.map((num) => num + 1);

11.2 Don’t use generators for now.
Why? They don’t transpile well to ES5.

11.3 If you must use generators, or if you disregard our advice, make sure their function signature is spaced properly. eslint: generator-star-spacing

Why? function and * are part of the same conceptual keyword - * is not a modifier for function, function* is a unique construct, different from function.

// bad
function * foo() {
  // ...
}

// bad
const bar = function * () {
  // ...
};

// bad
const baz = function *() {
  // ...
};

// bad
const quux = function*() {
  // ...
};

// bad
function*foo() {
  // ...
}

// bad
function *foo() {
  // ...
}

// very bad
function
*
foo() {
  // ...
}

// very bad
const wat = function
*
() {
  // ...
};

// good
function* foo() {
  // ...
}

// good
const foo = function* () {
  // ...
};

⬆ back to top

Properties

12.1 Use dot notation when accessing properties. eslint: dot-notation

const luke = {
  jedi: true,
  age: 28,
};

// bad
const isJedi = luke['jedi'];

// good
const isJedi = luke.jedi;

12.2 Use bracket notation [] when accessing properties with a variable.

const luke = {
  jedi: true,
  age: 28,
};

function getProp(prop) {
  return luke[prop];
}

const isJedi = getProp('jedi');

12.3 Use exponentiation operator ** when calculating exponentiations. eslint: prefer-exponentiation-operator.
```
// bad
const binary = Math.pow(2, 10);

// good
const binary = 2 ** 10;
```

⬆ back to top

Variables

13.1 Always use const or let to declare variables. Not doing so will result in global variables. We want to avoid polluting the global namespace. Captain Planet warned us of that. eslint: no-undef prefer-const
```
// bad
superPower = new SuperPower();

// good
const superPower = new SuperPower();
```

13.2 Use one const or let declaration per variable or assignment. eslint: one-var
Why? It’s easier to add new variable declarations this way, and you never have to worry about swapping out a ; for a , or introducing punctuation-only diffs. You can also step through each declaration with the debugger, instead of jumping through all of them at once.
```
// bad
const items = getItems(),
    goSportsTeam = true,
    dragonball = 'z';

// bad
// (compare to above, and try to spot the mistake)
const items = getItems(),
    goSportsTeam = true;
    dragonball = 'z';

// good
const items = getItems();
const goSportsTeam = true;
const dragonball = 'z';
```

13.3 Group all your consts and then group all your lets.

Why? This is helpful when later on you might need to assign a variable depending on one of the previously assigned variables.

// bad
let i, len, dragonball,
    items = getItems(),
    goSportsTeam = true;

// bad
let i;
const items = getItems();
let dragonball;
const goSportsTeam = true;
let len;

// good
const goSportsTeam = true;
const items = getItems();
let dragonball;
let i;
let length;

13.4 Assign variables where you need them, but place them in a reasonable place.

Why? let and const are block scoped and not function scoped.

// bad - unnecessary function call
function checkName(hasName) {
  const name = getName();

  if (hasName === 'test') {
    return false;
  }

  if (name === 'test') {
    this.setName('');
    return false;
  }

  return name;
}

// good
function checkName(hasName) {
  if (hasName === 'test') {
    return false;
  }

  const name = getName();

  if (name === 'test') {
    this.setName('');
    return false;
  }

  return name;
}

13.5 Don’t chain variable assignments. eslint: no-multi-assign

Why? Chaining variable assignments creates implicit global variables.

// bad
(function example() {
  // JavaScript interprets this as
  // let a = ( b = ( c = 1 ) );
  // The let keyword only applies to variable a; variables b and c become
  // global variables.
  let a = b = c = 1;
}());

console.log(a); // throws ReferenceError
console.log(b); // 1
console.log(c); // 1

// good
(function example() {
  let a = 1;
  let b = a;
  let c = a;
}());

console.log(a); // throws ReferenceError
console.log(b); // throws ReferenceError
console.log(c); // throws ReferenceError

// the same applies for `const`

13.6 Avoid using unary increments and decrements (++, --). eslint no-plusplus
Why? Per the eslint documentation, unary increment and decrement statements are subject to automatic semicolon insertion and can cause silent errors with incrementing or decrementing values within an application. It is also more expressive to mutate your values with statements like num += 1 instead of num++ or num ++. Disallowing unary increment and decrement statements also prevents you from pre-incrementing/pre-decrementing values unintentionally which can also cause unexpected behavior in your programs.
```
// bad

const array = [1, 2, 3];
let num = 1;
num++;
--num;

let sum = 0;
let truthyCount = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
  let value = array[i];
  sum += value;
  if (value) {
    truthyCount++;
  }
}

// good

const array = [1, 2, 3];
let num = 1;
num += 1;
num -= 1;

const sum = array.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0);
const truthyCount = array.filter(Boolean).length;
```

13.7 Avoid linebreaks before or after = in an assignment. If your assignment violates max-len, surround the value in parens. eslint operator-linebreak.

Why? Linebreaks surrounding = can obfuscate the value of an assignment.

// bad
const foo =
  superLongLongLongLongLongLongLongLongFunctionName();

// bad
const foo
  = 'superLongLongLongLongLongLongLongLongString';

// good
const foo = (
  superLongLongLongLongLongLongLongLongFunctionName()
);

// good
const foo = 'superLongLongLongLongLongLongLongLongString';

13.8 Disallow unused variables. eslint: no-unused-vars

Why? Variables that are declared and not used anywhere in the code are most likely an error due to incomplete refactoring. Such variables take up space in the code and can lead to confusion by readers.

// bad

const some_unused_var = 42;

// Write-only variables are not considered as used.
let y = 10;
y = 5;

// A read for a modification of itself is not considered as used.
let z = 0;
z = z + 1;

// Unused function arguments.
function getX(x, y) {
    return x;
}

// good

function getXPlusY(x, y) {
  return x + y;
}

const x = 1;
const y = a + 2;

alert(getXPlusY(x, y));

// 'type' is ignored even if unused because it has a rest property sibling.
// This is a form of extracting an object that omits the specified keys.
const { type, ...coords } = data;
// 'coords' is now the 'data' object without its 'type' property.

⬆ back to top

Hoisting

14.1 var declarations get hoisted to the top of their closest enclosing function scope, their assignment does not. const and let declarations are blessed with a new concept called Temporal Dead Zones (TDZ). It’s important to know why typeof is no longer safe.

// we know this wouldn’t work (assuming there
// is no notDefined global variable)
function example() {
  console.log(notDefined); // => throws a ReferenceError
}

// creating a variable declaration after you
// reference the variable will work due to
// variable hoisting. Note: the assignment
// value of `true` is not hoisted.
function example() {
  console.log(declaredButNotAssigned); // => undefined
  var declaredButNotAssigned = true;
}

// the interpreter is hoisting the variable
// declaration to the top of the scope,
// which means our example could be rewritten as:
function example() {
  let declaredButNotAssigned;
  console.log(declaredButNotAssigned); // => undefined
  declaredButNotAssigned = true;
}

// using const and let
function example() {
  console.log(declaredButNotAssigned); // => throws a ReferenceError
  console.log(typeof declaredButNotAssigned); // => throws a ReferenceError
  const declaredButNotAssigned = true;
}

14.2 Anonymous function expressions hoist their variable name, but not the function assignment.

function example() {
  console.log(anonymous); // => undefined

  anonymous(); // => TypeError anonymous is not a function

  var anonymous = function () {
    console.log('anonymous function expression');
  };
}

14.3 Named function expressions hoist the variable name, not the function name or the function body.

function example() {
  console.log(named); // => undefined

  named(); // => TypeError named is not a function

  superPower(); // => ReferenceError superPower is not defined

  var named = function superPower() {
    console.log('Flying');
  };
}

// the same is true when the function name
// is the same as the variable name.
function example() {
  console.log(named); // => undefined

  named(); // => TypeError named is not a function

  var named = function named() {
    console.log('named');
  };
}

14.4 Function declarations hoist their name and the function body.

function example() {
  superPower(); // => Flying

  function superPower() {
    console.log('Flying');
  }
}

14.5 Variables, classes, and functions should be defined before they can be used. eslint: no-use-before-define

Why? When variables, classes, or functions are declared after being used, it can harm readability since a reader won't know what a thing that's referenced is. It's much clearer for a reader to first encounter the source of a thing (whether imported from another module, or defined in the file) before encountering a use of the thing.

// bad

// Variable a is being used before it is being defined.
console.log(a); // this will be undefined, since while the declaration is hoisted, the initialization is not
var a = 10;

// Function fun is being called before being defined.
fun();
function fun() {}

// Class A is being used before being defined.
new A(); // ReferenceError: Cannot access 'A' before initialization
class A {
}

// `let` and `const` are hoisted, but they don't have a default initialization.
// The variables 'a' and 'b' are in a Temporal Dead Zone where JavaScript
// knows they exist (declaration is hoisted) but they are not accessible
// (as they are not yet initialized).

console.log(a); // ReferenceError: Cannot access 'a' before initialization
console.log(b); // ReferenceError: Cannot access 'b' before initialization
let a = 10;
const b = 5;


// good

var a = 10;
console.log(a); // 10

function fun() {}
fun();

class A {
}
new A();

let a = 10;
const b = 5;
console.log(a); // 10
console.log(b); // 5

For more information refer to JavaScript Scoping & Hoisting by Ben Cherry.

⬆ back to top

Comparison Operators & Equality

15.1 Use === and !== over == and !=. eslint: eqeqeq

15.2 Conditional statements such as the if statement evaluate their expression using coercion with the ToBoolean abstract method and always follow these simple rules:
- Objects evaluate to true
- Undefined evaluates to false
- Null evaluates to false
- Booleans evaluate to the value of the boolean
- Numbers evaluate to false if +0, -0, or NaN, otherwise true
- Strings evaluate to false if an empty string '', otherwise true
```
if ([0] && []) {
  // true
  // an array (even an empty one) is an object, objects will evaluate to true
}
```

15.3 Use shortcuts for booleans, but explicit comparisons for strings and numbers.

// bad
if (isValid === true) {
  // ...
}

// good
if (isValid) {
  // ...
}

// bad
if (name) {
  // ...
}

// good
if (name !== '') {
  // ...
}

// bad
if (collection.length) {
  // ...
}

// good
if (collection.length > 0) {
  // ...
}

15.4 For more information see Truth, Equality, and JavaScript by Angus Croll.

15.5 Use braces to create blocks in case and default clauses that contain lexical declarations (e.g. let, const, function, and class). eslint: no-case-declarations

Why? Lexical declarations are visible in the entire switch block but only get initialized when assigned, which only happens when its case is reached. This causes problems when multiple case clauses attempt to define the same thing.

// bad
switch (foo) {
  case 1:
    let x = 1;
    break;
  case 2:
    const y = 2;
    break;
  case 3:
    function f() {
      // ...
    }
    break;
  default:
    class C {}
}

// good
switch (foo) {
  case 1: {
    let x = 1;
    break;
  }
  case 2: {
    const y = 2;
    break;
  }
  case 3: {
    function f() {
      // ...
    }
    break;
  }
  case 4:
    bar();
    break;
  default: {
    class C {}
  }
}

15.6 Ternaries should not be nested and generally be single line expressions. eslint: no-nested-ternary

// bad
const foo = maybe1 > maybe2
  ? "bar"
  : value1 > value2 ? "baz" : null;

// split into 2 separated ternary expressions
const maybeNull = value1 > value2 ? 'baz' : null;

// better
const foo = maybe1 > maybe2
  ? 'bar'
  : maybeNull;

// best
const foo = maybe1 > maybe2 ? 'bar' : maybeNull;

15.7 Avoid unneeded ternary statements. eslint: no-unneeded-ternary

// bad
const foo = a ? a : b;
const bar = c ? true : false;
const baz = c ? false : true;
const quux = a != null ? a : b;

// good
const foo = a || b;
const bar = !!c;
const baz = !c;
const quux = a ?? b;

15.8 When mixing operators, enclose them in parentheses. The only exception is the standard arithmetic operators: +, -, and ** since their precedence is broadly

Published

Vulnerabilities

Links

Maintainers

Keywords

Readme

Airbnb JavaScript Style Guide() {

Table of Contents

Types

References

Objects

Arrays

Destructuring

Strings

Functions

Arrow Functions

Classes & Constructors

Modules

Iterators and Generators

Properties

Variables

Hoisting

Comparison Operators & Equality