@oxheadalpha/tznft
v10.1.0
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CLI tool and tutorial on how to create FA2 non-fungible tokens on Tezos
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Tutorial: Non-Fungible Tokens on Tezos Using FA2
This tutorial shows how to originate and interact with the FA2 NFT contract. The tutorial uses an FA2 NFT contract written in LIGO smart contract language and a command line interface (CLI) to originate and interact with the NFT contracts either on the Flextesa sandbox or Tezos testnet (Ghostnet).
Disclaimer: We highly recommend users to take necessary precautions before following this tutorial and interacting with experimental technology. Use this tutorial at your own risk.
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- Tutorial
Introduction
What is FA2 (TZIP-12)?
FA2 refers to a token standard (TZIP-12) on Tezos. FA2 proposes a unified token contract interface, supporting a wide range of token types. The FA2 provides a standard API to transfer tokens, check token balances, manage operators (addresses that are permitted to transfer tokens on behalf of the token owner) and manage token metadata.
What is a Non-Fungible Token (NFT)?
An NFT (non-fungible token) is a special type of cryptographic token which represents something unique; non-fungible tokens are thus not mutually interchangeable. NFTs can represent ownership over digital or physical assets like virtual collectibles or unique artwork.
For each individual non-fungible token, the FA2 assigns a unique token ID and associates it with the token owner address. The FA2 API enables the inspection of token balances for the specific token ID and token owner address. For NFTs the balance can be either 0 (which means that the address does not own this particular token) or 1 (the address owns the token).
To enable discovery of the token contracts and tokens by indexers, wallets, market places and other DApps, the FA2 contract also associates some metadata with each token. At least, each token metadata has the name attribute. However, it is also possible to provide extended metadata such as an associated image or document URL and its crypto-hash. The metadata format is described in TZIP-12 and TZIP-21 (rich metadata) standards.
Tutorial
Prerequisites
Node.js must be installed. The Node installation must also include
npm
(Node package manager).Docker must be installed. You need docker to run Flextesa sandbox. You might skip docker installation if you plan to run this tutorial on the testnet (Ghostnet) only.
The CLI Tool
You will need to install tznft
CLI tool. After the installation, you can invoke
various commands in the form of tznft <command> [options]
. tznft
provides the
following command categories:
- configuration and bootstrapping Tezos network and configure address aliases
- generate and validate NFT collections and tokens metadata
- create NFT collection (FA2 contract origination) and mint tokens
- token inspection
- token transfer
- pin files and directories to Pinata IPFS server
The commands will be explained in more detail below. You can always run
$ tznft --help
to list all available commands.
Initial Setup
Install
@oxheadalpha/tznft
npm package:$ npm install -g @oxheadalpha/tznft
The command installs
tznft
CLI tool.Create a new project directory to keep your project configuration and other files:
$ mkdir nft-tutorial $ cd nft-tutorial
Initialize tutorial project:
$ tznft init tznft.json config file created
Check that the default active network is
sandbox
:$ tznft show-network active network: sandbox
Bootstrap Tezos network:
$ tznft bootstrap ea4b3e3c52c37214344cbd82988c475f84125546ca6534c0ce870582e688ca18 starting sandbox... connecting to Tezos node rpc... connecting to Tezos node rpc... connecting to Tezos node rpc... connecting to Tezos node rpc... connecting to Tezos node rpc... sandbox started
If you are bootstrapping a
sandbox
network for the first time, Docker will download the Flextesa docker image as well.The default configuration comes with two account aliases
bob
andalice
that can be used for token minting and transferring.The
bootstrap
command starts and initializes a sandbox. If you are usingtestnet
ormainnet
Tezos networks,bootstrap
command has no effect and can be skipped.
Create NFT Collection
To create a new NFT collection (FA2 contract) we would follow the steps bellow:
- Prepare collection (FA2 contract) metadata.
- Create a collection (originate a contract).
- Prepare tokens metadata.
- Pin tokens metadata on IPFS
- Mint tokens.
Prepare NFT Collection Metadata
create-collection-meta
command generates a new contract metadata JSON file and
requires <collection_name>
parameter.
$ tznft create-collection-meta <collection_name>
Example:
$ tznft create-collection-meta my_collection
Created collection metadata file my_collection.json
my_collection.json
file contains a template for the collection contract metadata:
{
"name": "my_collection",
"description": "Awesome NFT collection",
"homepage": "https://github.com/oxheadalpha/nft-tutorial",
"authors": [
"John Doe <[email protected]>"
],
"version": "1.0.0",
"license": {
"name": "MIT"
},
"interfaces": [
"TZIP-016",
"TZIP-012",
"TZIP-021"
],
"source": {
"tools": [
"LIGO"
],
"location": "https://github.com/oxheadalpha/nft-tutorial"
}
}
You can edit the file before using it to originate a collection contract. Please refer to the contract metadata TZIP-16 and FA2 Contract Metadata standards for more details.
validate-collection-meta
command validates contract metadata JSON and requires
the following parameters:
<metadata_file>
path to a metadata JSON file--errors_only
optional flag to suppress validation warning messages
Example:
$ tznft validate-collection-meta my_collection.json
Warning: It looks like "description" has a sample value. Replace with a real description or remove it
Warning: It looks like "homepage" has a sample value. Replace with a real URL or remove it
Warning: It looks like one of the authors is a sample 'John Doe <[email protected]>'. Replace with a real author e-mail or URL or remove it
Originate NFT Collection Contract
create-collection
command originates FA2 collection contract and requires the
following parameters:
<owner>
alias or address of the new collection owner--meta_file <file>
path to a new collection metadata file--alias <alias>
optional alias for a new collection contract address
$ tznft create-collection <owner> --meta_file <file> --alias <alias>
Example:
$ tznft create-collection bob --meta_file my_collection.json --alias my_collection
originating new NFT contract...
originated contract nft with address KT1FpmL3pDfq1rc6WsftCPr5wfHkMLGyyYyx
consumed gas: 2799
alias my_collection has been added
You can inspect newly created contract using TZComet or BCD contract explorers by copying and pasting a new contract address. TZComet can automatically discover a contract on either Tezos mainnet, testnet or a locally running sandbox. BCD can discover contracts on mainnet and testnet only.
Prepare Tokens Metadata
create-nft-meta
command generates a new token metadata JSON file and
requires the following parameters:
<nft_name>
name of the token<creator>
alias or address of the NFT collection owner<uri>
token artifact URI
$ tznft create-nft-meta <nft_name> <creator> <uri>
Token metadata can store a reference to some external document and/or image. This tutorial supports storing external data on IPFS and keeping an IPFS hash as a part of the token metadata (which we will store on IPFS as well).
Let's create metadata for an NFT token which references an image on IPFS with the hash code (CID) QmRyTc9KbD7ZSkmEf4e7fk6A44RPciW5pM4iyqRGrhbyvj.
Example:
$ tznft create-nft-meta Token1 bob ipfs://QmRyTc9KbD7ZSkmEf4e7fk6A44RPciW5pM4iyqRGrhbyvj
Created token metadata sample file Token1.json
Token1.json
file contains a template for the token metadata:
{
"decimals": 0,
"isBooleanAmount": true,
"name": "Token1",
"description": "",
"tags": [
"awesome",
"nft"
],
"minter": "tz1YPSCGWXwBdTncK2aCctSZAXWvGsGwVJqU",
"artifactUri": "ipfs://QmRyTc9KbD7ZSkmEf4e7fk6A44RPciW5pM4iyqRGrhbyvj",
"displayUri": "ipfs://QmRyTc9KbD7ZSkmEf4e7fk6A44RPciW5pM4iyqRGrhbyvj",
"thumbnailUri": "ipfs://QmRyTc9KbD7ZSkmEf4e7fk6A44RPciW5pM4iyqRGrhbyvj",
"creators": [],
"rights": "",
"attributes": [
{
"name": "sample attribute",
"value": "sample value"
}
]
}
You can edit the file before using it to mint an NFT and create multiple metadata files per each token you intend to mint. You may edit generated and add many other attributes. Please refer to the rich metadata TZIP-21 standard for more details.
validate-nft-meta
command validates token metadata JSON and requires the
following parameters:
<metadata_file>
path to a metadata JSON file--errors_only
optional flag to suppress validation warning messages
Example:
$ tznft validate-nft-meta Token1.json
Warning: Property "description" has empty string value. Consider removing or provide a value for the property.
Warning: Property "rights" has empty string value. Consider removing or provide a value for the property.
Warning: It looks like "tags" property contains sample values "awsome", "nft". Remove or replace them with actual tag values
Warning: It looks like "attributes" property contains sample attribute. Remove or replace it with actual attributes
For this tutorial, we will mint two tokens. We will use two token metadata files
Token1.json
and Token2.json
derived from the generated template file. Both
tokens will share the same artifactUri
and would have different names. Feel
free to customize tokens metadata as you see fit.
Pin Tokens Metadata on IPFS
Before minting tokens, you need to pin token metadata files to IPFS and use their
IPFS URIs for minting. There are multiple ways to do this, but in this tutorial
we will use Pinata. First, you need to create a
Pinata account (there is a free option available). You can upload (pin) Token1.json
and Token2.json
files created on the previous step manually or use tznft
CLI.
Create Pinata keys using Pinata's web UI. You would need an API key and a secret key.
Execute set-pinata-keys
command that requires the following parameters:
<pinata_api_key>
Pinata API key<pinata_secret_key>
Pinata secret key--force
optional flag to override existing keys in configuration if any
$ tznft set-pinata-keys <pinata_api_key> <pinata_secret_key> --force
Example:
$ tznft set-pinata-keys 38dxxx e9fxxx --force
38dxxx e9fxxx
Pinata keys have been added.
Note: Pinata keys are stored in the tznft.json
configuration file in your
project directory. Please you caution to not share your secret Pinata key.
Use pin-file
command to pin token metadata files on Pinata IPFS service. Required
parameter:
<file>
path to a file to be pinned--tag
IPFS tag (can be the same as file name)
$ tznft pin-file <file> --tag <tag>
Example:
$ tznft pin-file Token1.json --tag Token1
ipfs://QmfVUCoqRuR83Hhk9iJeobbqwDhdA1HLRGkbDQzdjHrezw
$ tznft pin-file Token2.json --tag Token2
ipfs://QmbAhKqNn9L3dP9pYoutsDq6UjqrjCTuJCNRkJDAF12GL8
There is also a similar command pin-dir
to pin a whole directory on IPFS.
Mint Tokens
mint
command requires the following parameters:
<owner>
alias or address of the nft collection owner.<collection>
alias or address of the NFT collection contract created bycreate-collection
command--tokens
new token descriptors. Each token descriptor is a comma delimited string:'<token_id>, <token_metadata_uri>'
:
$ tznft mint <owner_alias> <collection_alias> --tokens <tokens_list>
Example:
$ tznft mint bob my_collection --tokens '1, ipfs://QmfVUCoqRuR83Hhk9iJeobbqwDhdA1HLRGkbDQzdjHrezw' '2, ipfs://QmbAhKqNn9L3dP9pYoutsDq6UjqrjCTuJCNRkJDAF12GL8'
minting tokens...
tokens minted
Alternatively, you can use mint-from-file
command to specify token descriptors
in a csv file instead of CLI. Required parameters:
<owner>
alias or address of the nft collection owner<collection>
alias or address of the NFT collection contract created bycreate-collection
command--toke_file <file>
path to a file with definitions of new tokens
Let's create tokens.csv
file as following:
3, ipfs://QmfVUCoqRuR83Hhk9iJeobbqwDhdA1HLRGkbDQzdjHrezw
4, ipfs://QmbAhKqNn9L3dP9pYoutsDq6UjqrjCTuJCNRkJDAF12GL8
and run mint-from-file
command:
$ tznft mint-from-file bob my_collection --token_file tokens.csv
minting tokens...
tokens minted
You can mint multiple batches of tokens into the same NFT collection contract. The only requirement is that token IDs must be unique.
Once, you finished populating your NFT collection you can freeze it (i. e. prevent it from accepting more tokens).
mint-freeze
command has the following parameters:
<owner>
alias or address of the nft collection owner<collection>
alias or address of the NFT collection contract created bycreate-collection
command
$ tznft mint-freeze <owner> <collection>
Example:
$ tznft mint-freeze bob my_collection
freezing nft collection...
nft collection frozen
Beware that freeze is a one way operation. Once a collection is frozen it is impossible to "unfreeze" it and mint more tokens.
Inspect The NFT Contract
Using KT1..
address (or an address alias) of the NFT contract created by the
create-collection
command, we can inspect token metadata and balances (i. e.
which addresses own the tokens).
Inspect Token Metadata
show-meta
command requires the following parameters:
--nft
alias or address of the FA2 NFT contract to inspect--tokens
a list of token IDs to inspect
$ tznft show-meta --nft <nft_address_or_alias> --tokens <token_id_list>
Example:
$ tznft show-meta --nft my_collection --tokens 1 2
querying token metadata...
{
"token_id": 1,
"decimals": 0,
"isBooleanAmount": true,
"name": "Token1",
"description": "My awesome token",
"tags": [
"awesome",
"nft"
],
"minter": "tz1YPSCGWXwBdTncK2aCctSZAXWvGsGwVJqU",
"artifactUri": "ipfs://QmRyTc9KbD7ZSkmEf4e7fk6A44RPciW5pM4iyqRGrhbyvj",
"attributes": [
{
"name": "sample attribute",
"value": "sample value"
}
]
}
{
"token_id": 2,
"decimals": 0,
"isBooleanAmount": true,
"name": "Token2",
"description": "My awesome token",
"tags": [
"awesome",
"nft"
],
"minter": "tz1YPSCGWXwBdTncK2aCctSZAXWvGsGwVJqU",
"artifactUri": "ipfs://QmRyTc9KbD7ZSkmEf4e7fk6A44RPciW5pM4iyqRGrhbyvj",
"attributes": [
{
"name": "sample attribute",
"value": "sample value"
}
]
}
Beware that IPFS might require some time to propagate the information about
pinned token metadata files. show-meta
command may timeout if ran soon after
the token metadata was pinned.
Inspect Token Balances
show-balance
command requires the following parameters:
--nft
alias or address of the FA2 NFT contract to inspect--signer
alias or address on behalf of which contract is inspected--owner
alias or address of the token owner to check balances--tokens
a list of token IDs to inspect
$ tznft show-balance --nft <nft_address> --signer <alias> --owner <alias> --tokens <token_id_list>
Example 1, check bob
's balances:
$ tznft show-balance --nft my_collection --signer bob --owner bob --tokens 1 2
querying NFT contract KT1FpmL3pDfq1rc6WsftCPr5wfHkMLGyyYyx
requested NFT balances:
owner: tz1YPSCGWXwBdTncK2aCctSZAXWvGsGwVJqU token: 1 balance: 1
owner: tz1YPSCGWXwBdTncK2aCctSZAXWvGsGwVJqU token: 2 balance: 1
Example 2, check alice
balances:
$ tznft show-balance --nft my_collection --signer bob --owner alice --tokens 1 2
querying NFT contract KT1FpmL3pDfq1rc6WsftCPr5wfHkMLGyyYyx
requested NFT balances:
owner: tz1VSUr8wwNhLAzempoch5d6hLRiTh8Cjcjb token: 1 balance: 0
owner: tz1VSUr8wwNhLAzempoch5d6hLRiTh8Cjcjb token: 2 balance: 0
Transfer Tokens
transfer
command requires the following parameters:
--nft
alias or address of the FA2 NFT contract that holds tokens to be transferred--signer
alias or address that initiates the transfer operation--batch
a list of individual transfers. Each individual transfer is represented as a comma delimited string:<from_address_or_alias>, <to_address_or_alias>, <token_id>
. We do not need to specify amount of the transfer for NFTs since we can only transfer a single token for any NFT type.
$ tznft transfer --nft <nft_address> --signer <signer> --batch <batch_list>`
Example, bob
transfers his own tokens 1
and 2
to alice
:
$ tznft transfer --nft my_collection --signer bob --batch 'bob, alice, 1' 'bob, alice, 2'
transferring tokens...
tokens transferred
Now, we can check token balances after the transfer:
$ tznft show-balance --nft my_collection --signer bob --owner bob --tokens 1 2
querying NFT contract KT1FpmL3pDfq1rc6WsftCPr5wfHkMLGyyYyx
requested NFT balances:
owner: tz1YPSCGWXwBdTncK2aCctSZAXWvGsGwVJqU token: 1 balance: 0
owner: tz1YPSCGWXwBdTncK2aCctSZAXWvGsGwVJqU token: 2 balance: 0
$ tznft show-balance --nft my_collection --signer bob --owner alice --tokens 1 2
querying NFT contract KT1FpmL3pDfq1rc6WsftCPr5wfHkMLGyyYyx
requested NFT balances:
owner: tz1VSUr8wwNhLAzempoch5d6hLRiTh8Cjcjb token: 1 balance: 1
owner: tz1VSUr8wwNhLAzempoch5d6hLRiTh8Cjcjb token: 2 balance: 1
Operator Transfer
It is also possible to transfer tokens on behalf of the owner.
bob
is trying to transfer one of alice
's tokens back:
$ tznft transfer --nft my_collection --signer bob --batch 'alice, bob, 1'
transferring tokens...
Tezos operation error: FA2_NOT_OPERATOR
As we can see, this operation has failed. The default behavior of the FA2 token
contract is to allow only token owners to transfer their tokens. In our example,
bob (as an operator) tries to transfer token 1
that belongs to alice
.
However, alice
can add bob
as an operator to allow him transfer any tokens on
behalf of alice
.
update-ops
command has the following parameters:
<owner>
alias or address of the token owner to update operators for--nft
alias or address of the FA2 NFT contract--add
list of pairs aliases or addresses and token id to add to the operator set--remove
list of aliases or addresses and token id to remove from the operator set
$ tznft update-ops <owner> --nft <nft_address> --add [add_operators_list] --remove [add_operators_list]
Example, alice
adds bob
as an operator:
$ tznft update-ops alice --nft my_collection --add 'bob, 1'
updating operators...
updated operators
Now bob
can transfer a token on behalf of alice
again:
$ tznft transfer --nft my_collection --signer bob --batch 'alice, bob, 1'
transferring tokens...
tokens transferred
Inspecting balances after the transfer:
$ tznft show-balance --nft my_collection --signer bob --owner bob --tokens 1 2
querying NFT contract KT1FpmL3pDfq1rc6WsftCPr5wfHkMLGyyYyx
requested NFT balances:
owner: tz1YPSCGWXwBdTncK2aCctSZAXWvGsGwVJqU token: 1 balance: 1
owner: tz1YPSCGWXwBdTncK2aCctSZAXWvGsGwVJqU token: 2 balance: 0
$ tznft show-balance --nft my_collection --signer bob --owner alice --tokens 1 2
querying NFT contract KT1FpmL3pDfq1rc6WsftCPr5wfHkMLGyyYyx
requested NFT balances:
owner: tz1VSUr8wwNhLAzempoch5d6hLRiTh8Cjcjb token: 1 balance: 0
owner: tz1VSUr8wwNhLAzempoch5d6hLRiTh8Cjcjb token: 2 balance: 1
Token 1
now belongs to bob
.
Configuration
tznft
can be configured to interact with different Tezos networks. The user can
also configure address aliases to sign Tezos operations and/or use them as command
parameters when addresses are required. The default configuration that is created
by tznft init
command includes two pre-configured networks: sandbox
and testnet
(Ghostnet). Each pre-configured network has two bootstrap aliases:
bob
and alice
.
Network Configuration Commands
set-network <network>
select specified pre-configured network as an active one. All subsequent commands will operate on the active networkExample:
$ tznft set-network sandbox network sandbox is selected
show-network [--all]
show currently selected network. If--all
flag is specified, show all pre-configured networksExample:
$ tznft show-network --all * sandbox testnet mainnet
bootstrap
bootstrap sandbox and deploy helper Taquito view contract. If selected network issandbox
this command needs to be run each time sandbox is restarted. This command has no effect on other network types and can be skipped.Example:
$ tznft bootstrap ea4b3e3c52c37214344cbd82988c475f84125546ca6534c0ce870582e688ca18 starting sandbox... connecting to Tezos node rpc... connecting to Tezos node rpc... sandbox started
kill-sandbox
stop Flextesa sandbox process if selected network issandbox
. This command has no effect on other network types.Example:
$ tznft kill-sandbox flextesa-sandbox killed sandbox.
The sandbox network (selected by default) is configured to bake new Tezos blocks every 5 seconds. It makes running the commands that interact with the network faster. However, all originated contracts will be lost after the sandbox is stopped.
If you are using testnet
, your originated contracts will remain on the blockchain
and you can inspect them afterwards using an explorer like BCD.
Note: Although testnet
configuration already has two bootstrap aliases bob
and alice
, it is a good practice to create your own alias from the faucet file
(see tznft add-alias-faucet
command described below) and use it as a signer for
the commands like mint
and transfer
. In this way, your Tezos
operations will not interfere with the operations initiated by other users.
Alias Configuration Commands
tznft
allows user to configure and use short names (aliases) instead of typing
in full Tezos addresses when invoking tznft
commands.
Each network comes with two pre-configured aliases bob
and alice
. The user
can manage aliases by directly editing tznft.json
file or using the following
commands:
show-alias [alias]
show address and private key (if configured) of the specified[alias]
. If[alias]
option is not specified, show all configured aliases.Example:
$ tznft show-alias bob bob tz1YPSCGWXwBdTncK2aCctSZAXWvGsGwVJqU edsk3RFgDiCt7tWB2oe96w1eRw72iYiiqZPLu9nnEY23MYRp2d8Kkx $ tznft show-alias bob tz1YPSCGWXwBdTncK2aCctSZAXWvGsGwVJqU edsk3RFgDiCt7tWB2oe96w1eRw72iYiiqZPLu9nnEY23MYRp2d8Kkx alice tz1VSUr8wwNhLAzempoch5d6hLRiTh8Cjcjb edsk3QoqBuvdamxouPhin7swCvkQNgq4jP5KZPbwWNnwdZpSpJiEbq
add-alias <alias> <private_key>
add alias using its private key. Aliases that configured with the private key can be used to sign operations that originate or call smart contracts on chain.tznft
commands that require Tezos operation signing have--signer
option.Example:
$ tznft add-alias jane edsk3QoqBuvdamxouPhin7swCvkQNgq4jP5KZPbwWNnwdZpSpJiEbq alias jane has been added $ tznft show-alias jane jane tz1VSUr8wwNhLAzempoch5d6hLRiTh8Cjcjb edsk3QoqBuvdamxouPhin7swCvkQNgq4jP5KZPbwWNnwdZpSpJiEbq
Warning: Your Tezos alias private key (along with other configuration) is stored in
tznft.json
file in the working directory. Use extreme caution when using private keys for the Tezos mainnet.add-alias <alias> <address>
add alias using Tezos address (public key hash). Such aliases do not have associated private key and cannot be used to sign Tezos operations.Example:
$ tznft add-alias michael tz1VSUr8wwNhLAzempoch5d6hLRiTh8Cjcjb alias michael has been added $ tznft show-alias michael michael tz1VSUr8wwNhLAzempoch5d6hLRiTh8Cjcjb
add-alias-faucet <alias> <faucet_json_file_path>
add alias with private key from the faucet file (see Tezos Faucet). This command will not work onsandbox
network. An alias configured from the faucet has the private key and can be used to sign Tezos operations.Example:
$ tznft add-alias-faucet john ~/Downloads/tz1NfTBQM9QpZpEY6GSvdw3XBpyEjLLGhcEU.json activating faucet account... faucet account activated alias john has been added $ tznft show-alias john john tz1NfTBQM9QpZpEY6GSvdw3XBpyEjLLGhcEU edskRzaCrGEDr1Ras1U55U73dXoLfQQJyuwE95rSkqbydxUS4oS3fGmWywbaVcYw7DLH34zedoJzwMQxzAXQdixi5QzYC5pGJ6
gen-keys --alias <alias>
generate a new set of Tezos account keys. Ifalias
option is specified, add newly generated keys to config.Example:
$ tznft gen-keys --alias sarah new keys generated: tz1VHJ4U4WyF58VWDyFCQ76EFV9BcFkzMPr2 edsk4M6wiX4pKX9SfgB6HDdSsYXtMuki4ryn6q3fHv3Vj5DSit9Ghn alias sarah has been added tznft.json config file was updated
Warning: If you choose to store a new private key in
tznft.json
file in the working directory. Use extreme caution when using private keys for the Tezos mainnet.remove-alias <alias>
remove alias from the selected network configuration.Example:
$ tznft remove-alias john alias john has been deleted
show-tz-balance <owner>
show Tezos account balance in mutez.<owner>
is an address or configured account alias.Example:
$ tznft show-tz-balance sarah Owner tz1VHJ4U4WyF58VWDyFCQ76EFV9BcFkzMPr2 has 100,000,000 mutez
TBD
- Support TZIP-16 off-chain views