Vault is a wrapper around the Web Cryptography API available in modern browsers and NodeJS, it provides secure and easy-to-use cryptographic APIs for encrypting and decrypting data using AES-256-GCM and Elliptic-curve cryptography.

Installation

npm install --save @lattestack/vault

For Node.js versions 19 and below, include the following statement in the program's entry point:

globalThis.crypto ??= require('crypto').webcrypto
globalThis.Blob ??= require('buffer').Blob
globalThis.ReadableStream ??= require('stream/web').ReadableStream
globalThis.TransformStream ??= require('stream/web').TransformStream

Quick Start

import { Recipient, Encryption, Decryption } from '@lattestack/vault'

// Set your confidential data here
const plaintext = 'CONFIDENTIAL_DATA'

// Generate a Recipient representing Alice.
const alice = await Recipient.generate()

// Add Alice as a recipient,
// then encrypt the plaintext and outputs as text.
// Now only Alice can decrypt the ciphertext
const ciphertext = await new Encryption(plaintext)
  .addRecipient(alice)
  .text()

// Set Alice as the recipient,
// then decrypt the ciphertext and outputs as raw text.
const decryptedText = await new Decryption(ciphertext)
  .setRecipient(alice)
  .text()

// => true
console.log(decryptedText === plaintext)

Encryption

The Encryption interface is used to encrypt plaintext into ciphertext. The plaintext passed into Encryption will be encrypted using a hybrid encryption scheme combining AES-256-GCM and Elliptic-curve cryptography.

• constructor(plaintext: string | ArrayBuffer | Blob)

  • plaintext
    The data to be encrypted. This can be String, ArrayBuffer, or Blob. Note that string here are encoded as UTF-8.

• addRecipient(recipient: Recipient | string): this
  Add a recipient. This method can be called multiple times to add multiple recipients. Only the recipients added here can decrypt the corresponding data.

  • recipient
    The recipient. Must be a Recipient instance, or a recipient's publicKey in string.

• text(): Promise<string>
  Outputs ciphertext as String. Note that string here are encoded as Base64URL.

• arrayBuffer(): Promise<ArrayBuffer>
  Outputs ciphertext as ArrayBuffer.

• stream(): ReadableStream<Uint8Array>
  Outputs ciphertext as ReadableStream<Uint8Array>.

Decryption

The Decryption interface is used to decrypt ciphertext into plaintext.

• constructor(ciphertext: string | ArrayBuffer | Blob)

  • ciphertext
    The data to be decrypted. This can be String, ArrayBuffer, or Blob. Note that string here must be the same as the Base64URL output produced during encryption.

• setRecipient(recipient: Recipient): this
  Set the recipient. Only the recipient added during encryption can decrypt the data.

  • recipient
    The recipient. Must be a Recipient instance.

• text(): Promise<string>
  Outputs plaintext as String. Note that string here are encoded as UTF-8.

• arrayBuffer(): Promise<ArrayBuffer>
  Outputs plaintext as ArrayBuffer.

• stream(): ReadableStream<Uint8Array>
  Outputs plaintext as ReadableStream<Uint8Array>.

Recipient

The Recipient interface is used to represent the owner of the data, which is usually used to represent a user.

When encrypting, you always need to add one or more recipients. Only the recipients that have been set during encryption can decrypt the corresponding data.

• publicKey: string
  The publicKey property, which does not contain any confidential information, can be openly shared. It can be passed as an argument to the Encryption.addRecipient function to encrypt data, but it cannot be used to decrypt data.

• static generate(): Promise<Recipient>
  Generete a new Recipient. You need to associate the recipient with a specific user on your own.

• static export(recipient: Recipient, unlockKey: UnlockKey): Promise<string>
  Export recipient as string. This allows you to persist the recipient to the storage.

  • recipient
    The Recipient instance to be exported.
  • unlockKey
    The UnlockKey instance used to lock the exported recipient.

• static import(exportRecipient: string, unlockKey: UnlockKey): Promise<Recipient>
  Import recipient from string. This allows you to instantiate the recipient from the storage.

  • exportRecipient
    The exported recipient. Must be the same as when exported.
  • unlockKey
    The UnlockKey instance used to unlock the exported recipient. Must be the same as when exported.

UnlockKey

The UnlockKey interface is used to protect the exported recipient from being stolen or misused. The unlockKey must be provided when importing or exporting the recipient.

• static fromSecret(secret: string): Promise<UnlockKey>
  Derive unlockKey from secret. It is not recommended to use this method to derive the unlockKey on the client-side because clients typically lack a secure way to store secrets.

  • secret
    The secret. For security, secret shoule be a high-entropy random string.

• static fromPassword(password: string, salt: string, iterations: number): Promise<UnlockKey>
  Derive unlockKey from password with PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256.

  • password
    The password to mix with the salt. You should set a password policy to prevent weak password.

  • salt
    The salt to mix with the password. The salt should be a random value of at least 16 bytes to prevent the use of rainbow tables and other precomputed attacks. Salt does not need to be kept secret.

  • iterations
    The number of times the hash function will be executed.

Examples

• Generate recipients

  import { Recipient } from '@lattestack/vault'
  
  // Generate a recipient representing Alice.
  const alice = await Recipient.generate()
  // Generate a recipient representing Bob.
  const bob = await Recipient.generate()

• Export and persist recipient to storage

  import { Recipient, UnlockKey } from '@lattestack/vault'
  
  // Derive unlockKey from custom secret
  const secret = process.env.CUSTOM_SECRET
  const unlockKey = await UnlockKey.fromSecret(secret)
    
  // Generate a recipient representing Alice.
  const alice = await Recipient.generate()
  // Export recipient(Alice) with unlockKey
  const exportedAlice = Recipient.export(alice, unlockKey)
  
  await storage.save('alice', exportedAlice)

• Import and instantiate recipient from storage

  import { Recipient, UnlockKey } from '@lattestack/vault'
  
  // Derive unlockKey from custom secret
  const secret = process.env.CUSTOM_SECRET
  const unlockKey = await UnlockKey.fromSecret(secret)
  
  // Retrieve exported recipient(Alice) from storage
  const exportedAlice = await storage.get('alice')
  // Import recipient(Alice) with unlockKey
  const alice = await Recipient.import(exportedAlice, unlockKey)

• Encrypt text data

  import { Recipient, Encryption } from '@lattestack/vault'
  
  const alice = await Recipient.import(/**/)
  
  const ciphertext = await new Encryption('DATA')
    .addRecipient(alice)
    .text()

• Encrypt binary data

  import { Recipient, Encryption } from '@lattestack/vault'
  
  const alice = await Recipient.import(/**/)
  
  const buffer = new TextEncoder().encode('DATA')
  const ciphertext = await new Encryption(buffer)
    .addRecipient(alice)
    .arrayBuffer()

• Encrypt file by streaming
  This allows you to encrypt large files with less memory.

  import { Recipient, Encryption } from '@lattestack/vault'
  
  const alice = await Recipient.import(/**/)
  
  const fileStream = new Blob([/**/]).stream()
  const encryptionStream = new Encryption(fileStream)
    .addRecipient(alice)
    .stream()

• Public-key encryption
  Public-key encryption lets you add multiple recipients to the data without sharing the secrets of each recipient.

  const registry = new Map()
  
  // Alice share her publicKey with the public registry.
  const alice = await Recipient.import(/**/)
  registry.set('alice', alice.publicKey)
  
  // Bob share his publicKey with the public registry.
  const bob = await Recipient.import(/**/)
  registry.set('bob', bob.publicKey)
  
  // Carol share his publicKey with the public registry.
  const carol = await Recipient.import(/**/)
  registry.set('carol', carol.publicKey)
  
  // Encrypt the secrets by the three and add all three of them as recipients.
  // We encrypt the data using publicKey(s) here.
  const ciphertext = await new Encryption('SECRETS')
    .addRecipient(registry.get('alice'))
    .addRecipient(registry.get('bob'))
    .addRecipient(registry.get('carol'))
    .text()
  
  // All three were then able to decrypt the data.
  await new Decryption(ciphertext).setRecipient(alice).text()
  await new Decryption(ciphertext).setRecipient(bob).text()
  await new Decryption(ciphertext).setRecipient(carol).text()

How It Works

Recipient

Each Recipient holds the following information:

• ECDH (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman) keyPair.
• ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm) keyPair.

Encryption

All encrypted output is essentially binary data in the following format:

| headerSize: UInt32 | header: String | ...chunks: Bytes |

• Generate the content ECDH key pair CPri and CPub
• Store CPub in header
• Generate the content encryption key CEK
• For each recipient:
  • Let RPub be the recipient's public key
  • Calculate thumbprint RPubT = thumbprint(RPub)
  • Derive KEK = deriveKey(CPri, RPub)
  • Wrap content encryption key WCEK = wrapKey(CEK, KEK)
  • Store RPubT, WCEK as key-value in header.
• Split plaintext into equally-sized blocks. For each block:
  • Let p be the block
  • Let n be the block ordinal
  • Calculate additional data a = sha256(header + n)
  • Generate random initialization vector iv
  • Generate ciphertext c = aes_encrypt(CEK, p, iv, a)
  • Store iv and c in the chunk

Decryption

• Parse header from encrypted output
• Retrieve CPub from header
• Let RPub be the recipient's public key
• Calculate thumbprint RPubT = thumbprint(RPub)
• Retrieve WCEK by RPubT from header
• Let RPri be the recipient's private key
• Derive KEK = deriveKey(RPri, CPub)
• Unwrap content encryption key CEK = unwrapKey(WCEK, KEK)
• Split rest encrypted output into equally-sized blocks. For each block:
  • let chunk be the block
  • Let n be the block ordinal
  • Calculate additional data a = sha256(header + n)
  • Retrieve initialization vector iv from chunk
  • Retrieve ciphertext c from chunk
  • Generate plaintext p = aes_decrypt(CEK, c, iv, a)

License

Distributed under the Dual License. See LICENSE for more information.